Simulating the Regional Impact of Dust on the Middle East Climate and the Red Sea
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The Red Sea is located between North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, the largest sources of dust in the world. Satellite retrievals show very high aerosol optical depth in the region, which increases during the summer season, especially over the southern Red Sea. Previously estimated and validated radiative effect from dust is expected to have a profound thermal and dynamic impact on the Red Sea, but that impact has not yet been studied or evaluated. Due to the strong dust radiative effect at the sea surface, uncoupled ocean modeling approaches with prescribed atmospheric boundary conditions result in an unrealistic ocean response. Therefore, to study the impact of dust on the regional climate of the Middle East and the Red Sea, we employed the Regional Ocean Modeling System fully coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting model. We modified the atmospheric model to account for the radiative effect of dust. The simulations show that, in the equilibrium response, dust cools the Red Sea, reduces the surface wind speed, and weakens both the exchange at the Bab‐el‐Mandeb strait and the overturning circulation. The salinity distribution, freshwater, and heat budgets are significantly altered. A validation of the simulations against satellite products indicates that accounting for radiative effect from dust almost completely removes the bias and reduces errors in the top of the atmosphere fluxes and sea surface temperature. Our results suggest that dust plays an important role in the energy balance, thermal, and circulation regimes in the Red Sea.
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The upwelling of intermediate and deep water takes place in a narrow band along the Egyptian coast, restricted to the northmost Red Sea (north of 24°N), and coincides with the location of the missing NMHC source.
“The upwelling of the intermediate and deep water takes place in the narrow band along the Egyptian coast. Spatially, the upwelling is restricted to the northmost Red Sea (north of 24°N) and coincides with the location of the missing NMHC source.”
From The Red Sea Deep Water is a potent source of atmospheric ethane and propane (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
Section 3.5 (page not available in our copy) identifies upwelling in the northern Red Sea, supporting the broad location. It does not place that upwelling in a narrow band along the Egyptian coast or restrict it to north of 24°N, and it does not mention a missing NMHC source. Section 3.4 uses 24°N to describe the limit of a cyclonic gyre, not the extent of upwelling. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe complex overturning circulation in the Red Sea has a pronounced seasonal cycle that modulates the vertical transport and can potentially amplify the emissions to the atmosphere during winter.
“The complex overturning circulation in the Red Sea has a pronounced seasonal cycle41,43 that modulates the vertical transport and can potentially amplify the emissions to the atmosphere during winter.”
From The Red Sea Deep Water is a potent source of atmospheric ethane and propane (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
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Hamed, M., Khaled, M. A., Said, R. E. M., El–Aal, M. A., Ghoneim, S. M., Omer, M. Y., Soliman, H. A. M., Saad, E., Bakr, Z., Lee, J., et al. (2024) · Regional Studies in Marine Science · doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103787 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Young Red Sea sediments: formation processes, engineering properties, and implications
Guerrero, C., Ramirez, M. S., Modenesi, M. C., Smith, J., Terzariol, M., & Santamarina, J. C. (2023) · Arabian Journal of Geosciences · doi:10.1007/s12517-023-11652-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lee, J. A., Gueymard, C. A., & Jiménez, P. A. (2021) · doi:10.1002/essoar.10506487.1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Coarse Dust Soiling and Fine Dust Dimming Effects on PV Panels Over the Arabian Peninsula
Stenchikov, G. L., Mostamandi, S., Shevchenko, I., Ukhov, A., & Osipov, S. (2023) · Middle East and North Africa Solar Conference (MENA-SC) · doi:10.1109/mena-sc54044.2023.10374528 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationEladawy, A., Nakamura, T., & Yoshikai, M. (2023) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115241 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Alsubhi, Y., Aljahdali, B. M., Alghanmi, A. F., Sulaimani, H. T., & Samman, A. E. (2025) · Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans · doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2025.101621 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Red Sea Fisheries - Threats and Proposed Solutions
keshta, H. N. Z., & Shahhat, M. A. A. (2023) · AIN Journal · doi:10.59660/45125
Trends in daytime and nighttime dust aerosols over the Dust Belt revealed by IASI
Tindan, J. Z.-O., Pu, B., & Jin, Q. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180742
- Authors
- Osipov, S., & Stenchikov, G.
- Affiliations
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (SA)
- Corresponding author
- Osipov, Sergey
- Venue
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 2018-02
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1032-1047
- ISSN
- 2169-9275 (ISSN-L)
- 2169-9291
- OpenAlex
- W2786604862
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 1.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Langley Research Center
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
- Keywords
- dust aerosols, Red Sea, Middle East climate, dust radiative effects, coupled ocean-atmosphere modeling, sea surface temperature cooling, surface wind speed, salinity distribution, freshwater budget, heat balance, sea surface temperature, aerosol optical depth, top-of-atmosphere flux
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