Upper ocean oxygenation dynamics from I/Ca ratios during the Cenomanian–Turonian OAE 2
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Abstract Global warming lowers the solubility of gases in the ocean and drives an enhanced hydrological cycle with increased nutrient loads delivered to the oceans, leading to increases in organic production, the degradation of which causes a further decrease in dissolved oxygen. In extreme cases in the geological past, this trajectory has led to catastrophic marine oxygen depletion during the so‐called oceanic anoxic events (OAEs). How the water column oscillated between generally oxic conditions and local/global anoxia remains a challenging question, exacerbated by a lack of sensitive redox proxies, especially for the suboxic window. To address this problem, we use bulk carbonate I/Ca to reconstruct subtle redox changes in the upper ocean water column at seven sites recording the Cretaceous OAE 2. In general, I/Ca ratios were relatively low preceding and during the OAE interval, indicating deep suboxic or anoxic waters exchanging directly with near‐surface waters. However, individual sites display a wide range of initial values and excursions in I/Ca through the OAE interval, reflecting the importance of local controls and suggesting a high spatial variability in redox state. Both I/Ca and an Earth System Model suggest that the northeast proto‐Atlantic had notably higher oxygen levels in the upper water column than the rest of the North Atlantic, indicating that anoxia was not global during OAE 2 and that important regional differences in redox conditions existed. A lack of correlation with calcium, lithium, and carbon isotope records suggests that neither enhanced global weathering nor carbon burial was a dominant control on the I/Ca proxy during OAE 2.
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Recent studies tested the idea that organic carbon burial provides a secondary control on I/(Ca+Mg) ratios on shorter timescales by evaluating I/(Ca+Mg) with positive δ13Ccarb excursions during Phanerozoic Oceanic Anoxic Events, particularly OAE-2.
“Recent studies have tested the idea that organic carbon burial provides a secondary control on I/(Ca+Mg) ratios on shorter timescales by evaluating I/(Ca+Mg) in association with positive δ 13 Ccarb excursions during Phanerozoic Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAE's), particularly OAE-2”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Zhou et al., 2015
If changes in the total marine iodine reservoir coincide with anoxia, either locally or globally, this reservoir change may be unobservable because I/(Ca+Mg) exclusively tracks iodate.
“In other words, if changes in the total marine iodine reservoir coincide with anoxia, either locally or globally, this reservoir change may be unobservable because as I/(Ca+Mg) exclusively tracks iodate”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Zhou et al., 2015
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Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution
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Self-citationLiu, A., Tang, D., Shi, X., Zhou, X., Zhou, L., Shang, M., Li, Y., & Fang, H. (2020) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105667 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Zhou, X., Jenkyns, H. C., Owens, J. D., Junium, C. K., Zheng, X., Sageman, B. B., Hardisty, D. S., Lyons, T. W., Ridgwell, A., & Lu, Z.
- Affiliations
- Syracuse University (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lu, Zunli
- ORCID
- Venue
- Paleoceanography
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 2015-05
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 510-526
- ISSN
- 0883-8305 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-9186
- OpenAlex
- W2159823667
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 5.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Paleoceanography (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Open Access Server of the Woods Hole Scientific Community (Woods Hole Scientific Community) (submittedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- NSF OCE (1232620)
- Agouron Postdoctoral Fellowship
- NSF-EAR
- NASA-NAI (NE/J01043X/1)
- NERC
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
- Keywords
- Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, Cenomanian-Turonian, suboxic waters, anoxia, global warming, Cretaceous, carbon burial, Earth system models
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