An iodine record of Paleoproterozoic surface ocean oxygenation
Open accessAbstract
Constraining oxygen levels in the early Precambrian surface ocean has been a longstanding goal, but efforts have been challenged by the availability of suitable proxies. Here we present a novel approach, iodine geochemistry, which broadens our perspective by providing constraints on shallow, carbonate-dominated marine settings. Iodate (forumla) persists exclusively in oxic waters and is the sole iodine species incorporated into carbonate minerals, allowing iodine-to-calcium ratios (I/Ca) in shallow carbonates to be used as a paleoredox indicator. Our data from a series of Mesoarchean through Paleoproterozoic carbonates deposited under shallow-marine conditions reveal a progressive surface ocean oxygenation in the early Paleoproterozoic. These data seem to indicate that a largely anoxic surface ocean extended throughout the Archean until the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) at ca. 2.4 Ga, implying that previous inferences of pre-GOE oxygen production may reflect oxygen oases, transient oxidation events, or oxygen levels below those required for forumla accumulation. The data suggest formation and persistence of forumla and, consequently, surface ocean oxygen concentrations of at least 1 µM during the GOE. Following the initial rise of oxygen, carbonate-associated iodine in globally extensive carbonate units deposited during the Lomagundi positive carbon isotope excursion at ca. 2.22–2.1 Ga suggests a widespread aerobic iodine cycle beyond that operating prior to the event, synchronous with high relative rates of organic carbon burial and apparent expansion of oxidative conditions.
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Much of the evidence for pre-GOE surface-ocean oxygenation remains contested and proxies that specifically focus on shallow-ocean redox conditions, such as carbonate iodine and REEs, point to the dominance of IF and carbonate deposition under broadly anoxic conditions in the oceans until the GOE.
“An argument in favour of photoferrotrophy having played a prominent role in IF deposition is that much of the evidence for pre-GOE surface-ocean oxygenation remains contested and proxies that specifically focus on shallow-ocean redox conditions, such as carbonate iodine (Hardisty et al., 2014) and REEs (Planavsky et al., 2010a), point to the dominance of IF and”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Hardisty et al., 2014
The presence of iodine in carbonate indicates O2 > 1 μM at the site of carbonate precipitation, i.e., in surface waters.
“This relationship suggests that the simple presence of iodine in carbonate indicates the presence of O2 > 1 µM at the site of carbonate precipitation, i.e., in surface waters”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Hardisty et al., 2014
A study of iodine concentrations in the carbonate record from the Neoarchean through Paleoproterozoic indicates oxidation of the surface coincident with the Great Oxidation Event, reflected by a switch from absence to presence of carbonate-bound iodine.
“A study of iodine concentrations in the carbonate record from the Neoarchean through Paleoproterozoic, indicate oxidation of the surface coincident with the GOE.This is reflected by a switch from the absence to presence of carbonate-bound iodine”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Hardisty et al., 2014
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Hardisty, D. S., Lu, Z., Planavsky, N. J., Bekker, A., Philippot, P., Zhou, X., & Lyons, T. W.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Syracuse University (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Geology
- Publisher
- Geological Society of America
- Published
- 2014-07
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 619-622
- ISSN
- 0091-7613 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-2682
- OpenAlex
- W2313852842
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 6.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hal.science
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Geology (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-11-IDEX-0005, ANR-10-LABX-0023)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Keywords
- iodine, Paleoproterozoic, ocean oxygenation, surface ocean, paleo-oxygenation, redox proxies, atmospheric oxygen evolution
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