Cited by 366Meta-analysis and systematic reviewsStatistical Methods in EpidemiologyStatistical Methods in Clinical Trials

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Interpreting Results and Drawing Conclusions

Schünemann, Holger J, Oxman, Andrew D, Vist, Gunn E, Higgins, Julian PT, Deeks, Jonathan J, Glasziou, Paul, Guyatt, Gordon H·2008·Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions

DOI 10.1002/9780470712184.ch12

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Abstract

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Assessing the quality of a body of evidence Issues in applicability Interpreting results of statistical analyses Interpreting results from dichotomous outcomes (including numbers needed to treat) Interpreting results from continuous outcomes (including standardized mean differences) Drawing conclusions Chapter information References

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Retracted
Flupenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia
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“Values less than 0.4, between 0.4 and 0.7, or greater than 0.7 are considered indicative of small, moderate, or large e ﬀ ects, respectively (Schünemann et al ., 2008).”
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Retracted
Botulinum toxin for motor and phonic tics in Tourette's syndrome
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Antidepressants for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis
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Chlorpromazine versus reserpine for schizophrenia
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Pharmacological interventions for reducing weight gain in schizophrenia
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Radioisotopes for metastatic bone pain
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Retracted
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Airway clearance techniques for bronchiectasis
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De-escalation techniques for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation
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Fluphenazine versus low-potency first generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia
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Haloperidol for long-term aggression in psychosis
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Wendan decoction (Traditional Chinese medicine) for schizophrenia
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Self‐help and guided self‐help interventions for schizophrenia and related disorders
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Quetiapine versus placebo for schizophrenia
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Illness management and recovery programme for people with severe mental illness
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Peer support for schizophrenia
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Animal-assisted therapy for people with serious mental illness
Downes, M., Dean, R. S., & Bath-Hextall, F. J. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010818 · Cited by 6
Tai chi for schizophrenia
Liu, Y., Li, B., Furness, T., Xia, J., Joseph, C. W., Tang, X., Zheng, J., & Wang, Z. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011473 · Cited by 5
Anticholinergic medication for non-clozapine neuroleptic-induced hypersalivation in people with schizophrenia
Essali, A., RIHAWI, A., Altujjar, M., Alhafez, B., Tarboush, A., & Hasan, N. A. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009546.pub2 · Cited by 7
Shock wave therapy for rotator cuff disease with or without calcification
Buchbinder, R., Johnston, R. V., & Roos, J. F. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008962 · Cited by 5
Chlorpromazine versus penfluridol for schizophrenia
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Interventions for treating osteoarthritis of the big toe joint
Zammit, G. V., Menz, H. B., Munteanu, S. E., et al. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007809 · Cited by 5
Horticultural therapy for schizophrenia
Roberts, S., & Bradley, A. J. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009413 · Cited by 4
Behavioural interventions for reducing weight gain in schizophrenia
Faulkner, G., Duncan, M. J., Hahn, M., Remington, G. J., & Cohn, T. A. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010781 · Cited by 3
Aripiprazole versus haloperidol for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses
Bhattacharjee, J., & El-Sayeh, H. G. G. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012073 · Cited by 4
Anticholinergics versus placebo for neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism
Dickenson, R., Momčilović, S., & Donnelly, L. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011164 · Cited by 4
Selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors for schizophrenia
Matthews, P., & Horder, J. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010219 · Cited by 4
Chlorpromazine versus metiapine for schizophrenia
Zare, M., Bazrafshan, A., Okhovati, M., Mazhari, S., & Mousavi, R. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011655 · Cited by 4
Interventions for managing absenteeism among health workers
Kiwanuka, S. N., Nalwadda, C. K., Pariyo, G. W., et al. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009250 · Cited by 4
Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate
Guo, J., Zhang, Q., Zou, S., et al. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008050 · Cited by 4
Cryotherapy following total knee replacement
Adie, S., Naylor, J., & Harris, I. A. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007911 · Cited by 4
Virtual reality for treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness
Valimaki, M. A., Hätönen, H. M., Lahti, M., Kurki, M., Hottinen, A., Metsäranta, K., Riihimäki, T., & Adams, C. E. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009928 · Cited by 4
Attention-based interventions for the management of pain and distress in young children (3-12 years) with burn injuries
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Celecoxib for schizophrenia
Akhondzadeh, S., Modabbernia, A., Taslimi, S., Daneshmand, A., & Ostovaneh, M. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009205 · Cited by 3
Aripiprazole versus chlorpromazine for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses
Bhattacharjee, J., & El-Sayeh, H. G. G. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012072 · Cited by 3
Cariprazine versus placebo for schizophrenia
Essali, N., Hanafi, I., & Essali, A. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012207 · Cited by 3
Pharmacological interventions for acute and transient psychotic disorder (ATPD)
Farooq, S., Rehman, M., & Naeem, F. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011974 · Cited by 3
Anticholinergic discontinuation for antipsychotic-induced extra-pyramidal symptoms
Pereira, S. R., & Michael, A. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012525 · Cited by 3
Comparative efficacy and safety of low‐intensity warfarin therapy in preventing unprovoked recurrent venous thromboembolism: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Jiang, R., Shi, Y., Zhang, R., Pudasain, B., Wang, L., Zhao, Q., Yuan, P., Guo, J., Zhu, C., & Liu, J. (2018) · The Clinical Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1111/crj.12795 · Cited by 4
“We used the GRADE approach cautiously to interpret the results.(16) Using the GRADE Profiler software, we imported the data from Review Manager 5.”
Method
Interventions for managing absenteeism among health workers
Kiwanuka, S. N., Nalwadda, C. K., Pariyo, G. W., et al. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009250.pub2 · Cited by 3
Yoga for schizophrenia
Knowles, A., Chadwick, J., & Vancampfort, D. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010554 · Cited by 3
Muscle relaxants for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis
Richards, B. L., Whittle, S., & Buchbinder, R. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008922 · Cited by 3
The effectiveness of serious games in improving memory among elderly people with cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Preprint)Preprint
Abd-Alrazaq, A. A., Alhuwail, D., Al-Jafar, E., Ahmed, A., Reagu, S. M., & Househ, M. S. (2021) · doi:10.2196/preprints.35202 · Cited by 3
Chlorpromazine versus clotiapine for schizophrenia
Mazhari, S., Goughari, A. S., Esmailian, S., & Shahesmaeili, A. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011810 · Cited by 3
Red cell transfusion management for patients undergoing cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease
Wilkinson, K., Brunskill, S. J., Doree, C. J., Murphy, M. F., Hopewell, S., & Gill, R. S. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009752 · Cited by 3
Conservative interventions for diaphyseal fractures of the forearm bones in children
Madhuri, V., Gahukamble, A. D., Dutt, V., et al. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008775 · Cited by 3
Fluphenazine (oral) versus atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia
Sampford, J., & Sampson, S. J. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010832 · Cited by 3
Bromperidol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia
Purgato, M., & Adams, C. E. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001719.pub3 · Cited by 3
Are low carbohydrate diet interventions beneficial for metabolic syndrome and its components? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Zheng, Q., Gao, X., Ruan, X., Chen, S., Pan, X., Wang, R., Zhao, L., Yu, Z., Li, D., & Zhai, J. (2025) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-025-01822-5 · Cited by 9
Asenapine versus typical antipsychotics for schizophrenia
Kumar, A., Narayan, M., Raja, H., & Mathen, M. J. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010230 · Cited by 3
Adrenocorticotropic hormone for acute gout
Chen, D. R., Ghogomu, E. T., & Schlesinger, N. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008119 · Cited by 2
Interventions for lateral hip pain (tendinopathy or bursitis)
Bierma‐Zeinstra, S., Brinks, A., Verhagen, A. P., van Rijn, R. M., Koes, B. W., & Verhaar, J. A. N. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008924 · Cited by 2
The Effectiveness of Collaborative Care Interventions for the Management of Patients With Multimorbidity: Protocol for a Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression Analysis
(2024) · doi:10.2196/58296 · Cited by 2
Nidotherapy for people with schizophrenia
Chamberlain, I. J., & Sampson, S. J. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009929.pub2 · Cited by 2
Transitional discharge techniques for people with serious mental illness
Rezk, E., Mohammad, H. A., Haikal, A., & Albakour, A. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009788 · Cited by 3

Authors: Schünemann, H. J., Oxman, A. D., Vist, G. E., Higgins, J. P., Deeks, J. J., Glasziou, P., & Guyatt, G. H.
Affiliations: Instituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena (IT)
Nasjonalt Kunnskapssenter for Helsetjenesten (NO)
MRC Biostatistics Unit (GB)
University of Birmingham (GB)
University of Oxford (GB)
McMaster University (CA)
ORCID: Schünemann, Holger J
Oxman, Andrew D
Vist, Gunn E
Higgins, Julian PT
Deeks, Jonathan J
Glasziou, Paul
Guyatt, Gordon H
Venue: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2008-09-22
Pages: 359-387
DOI: 10.1002/9780470712184.ch12
OpenAlex: W4205195518
Cited by: 366
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 55
Type: other
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Keywords: evidence quality assessment, applicability, statistical interpretation, binary outcomes, number needed to treat, continuous outcomes, standardized mean difference

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