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Interpreting Results and Drawing Conclusions
Abstract
This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Assessing the quality of a body of evidence Issues in applicability Interpreting results of statistical analyses Interpreting results from dichotomous outcomes (including numbers needed to treat) Interpreting results from continuous outcomes (including standardized mean differences) Drawing conclusions Chapter information References
Overview
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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“We used the GRADE approach to interpret findings (Schünemann 2008) and used the GRADE profiler to import data from Review Manager 5 (RevMan) to create 'Summary of findings' tables.”
From Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders. (2017) · cites this paper as Schünemann 2008
In the citing paper
“The degree of confidence in the estimate of effect across studies was assessed using GRADEpro and the GRADE approach (Guyatt 2008; Schunemann 2008, Schunemann 2009).”
From Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2012) · cites this paper as Schunemann 2008
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Items 301–366 of 366
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Alahdab, F., Alhalabi, O., Attwa, G., Basha, G. M., & Adams, C. E. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009693 · Cited by 2
Jacobs, P., & Gigerenzer, G. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033310 · Cited by 2
Rodríguez-Barrientos, R., López‐Alcalde, J., Rodríguez-Fernández, C., Muñoz-Gutiérrez, J., Gómez-García, M., Molero, J., Casanova-Colominas, J., Marín-Cañada, J., Redondo-Sánchez, J. M., & Vila-Méndez, M. L. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009070 · Cited by 2
Typical antipsychotics for psychosis in adolescents
Datta, S. S., Kumar, A., Wright, S., & Russell, P. S. S. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009539 · Cited by 2
Relapse prevention for schizophrenia
Vidgen, A., Hughes, I., & Roberts, N. P. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009767 · Cited by 2
Temmingh, H. S., Amos, T., Siegfried, N., & Stein, D. J. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011057 · Cited by 3
Image-guided versus blind corticosteroid injection for shoulder pain
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Steroid sparing drug treatments for giant cell arteritis
Hill, C. L., Cole, A., Lester, S., et al. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005323.pub2 · Cited by 2
Abd-Alrazaq, A. A., Ahmed, A., Alali, H., Aldardour, A. M., & Househ, M. S. (2022) · doi:10.2196/preprints.36754 · Cited by 2
Essali, A., RIHAWI, A., Sharaf, M., Altujjar, M., Alhafez, B., Tarboush, A., & Hasan, N. A. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009546 · Cited by 2
Clobazam monotherapy for partial onset or generalized onset seizures
Arya, R., Kumar, S., Michael, B. D., et al. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009258 · Cited by 2
Treatments for delusional disorder
Skelton, M., Khokhar, W. A., & Thacker, S. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009785 · Cited by 2
Papageorgiou, A., Loke, Y. K., Deane, K. H., & Fromage, M. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010006 · Cited by 2
Brief family intervention for schizophrenia
Okpokoro, U., & Adams, C. E. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009802 · Cited by 2
Bifeprunox versus placebo for schizophrenia
Chattopadhyay, A., Frey, S., Green, G., Harkness, A., McDermott, A., & Yates, A. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012029 · Cited by 2
Valimaki, M. A., Kauppi, K., Hätönen, H. M., Kuosmanen, L., Warwick-Smith, K., & Adams, C. E. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009960 · Cited by 2
Samara, M. T., Kottmaier, E., Helfer, B., Leucht, C., Christodoulou, G. N., Huhn, M., Rothe, P., Schneider‐Thoma, J., & Leucht, S. (2025) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011885.pub2 · Cited by 1
Enhanced crisis planning for serious mental illness
Savage, R., Singh, J. A., Bhoskar, S. U., & Jayaram, M. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009482 · Cited by 1
Aripiprazole for neuroleptic induced hyperprolactinaemia
Kolli, V. B., Bestha, D. P., Madaan, V., & Byreddy, S. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010786 · Cited by 1
Valimaki, M. A., Hätönen, H. M., Adams, C. E., Arifulla, D., Kostiainen, J., & Kostamo, P. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009766 · Cited by 1
Taping for knee osteoarthritis
Almoammar, I. A., Al-Mansoof, A. S., & Alamri, N. Z. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008275 · Cited by 1
Sulpiride dose for schizophrenia
Rezk, E., Mohammad, H. A., Refaï, T., & Mashoosh, L. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009846 · Cited by 1
Kour, K., Kaur, R., & Singh, J. A. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010552 · Cited by 1
Aripiprazole for people with schizophrenia whose illness has been partially responsive to clozapine
Assalman, I., Makhoul, S., & Hussain, K. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009847 · Cited by 1
Anticholinergics for neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia
Momčilović, S., Dickenson, R., & Adams, C. E. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011262 · Cited by 1
Allopurinol and related drugs for schizophrenia
Akhondzadeh, S., Modabbernia, A., Hosseini, S. M., & Tajdini, M. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009563 · Cited by 1
Switching antipsychotic for non response in schizophrenia
Helfer, B., Rothe, P., Leucht, S., & Samara, M. T. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011885 · Cited by 1
Iloperidone versus placebo for schizophrenia
Sawan, M., Nayfeh, T., Majzoub, A. M., Alabaji, H., Alnahas, S., Saadi, T. A., & Essali, A. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011838 · Cited by 1
Mirtazapine (adjunct) versus placebo for schizophrenia
Stricklin, S. M., Perry, L. A., & Ramson, D. M. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011943 · Cited by 1
Harfuch, B., Kamegasawa, A., Harfuch, L. S., et al. (2016) · Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia · doi:10.5935/0034-7280.20160045 · Cited by 1
Lurasidone versus typical antipsychotics for schizophrenia
Datka, W., Jaeschke, R. R., Styczeń, K., Koperny, M., Waligóra, M., Hubert, J., & Storman, D. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012429 · Cited by 1
Specialist interventions for homeless people with severe mental illness
Essali, A., Tarboush, M., & Awad, M. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010170 · Cited by 2
Psychological interventions for psychosis in adolescents
Wright, S., Datta, S. S., & Kumar, A. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009533 · Cited by 1
Dietary advice for schizophrenia
Pearsall, R., Pelosi, A. J., & Geddes, J. R. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009547 · Cited by 1
TNF-alpha inhibitors for juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Prince, F. H. M., Raj, A. K. D., Otten, M. H., et al. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008598 · Cited by 1
RetractedClozapine dose for schizophrenia
Subramanian, S., & Vӧllm, B. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009555 · Cited by 1
Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia
Lacey, M., Jayaram, M., & Esbensen, C. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010598 · Cited by 1
Trifluoperazine versus placebo for schizophrenia
Koch, K., Mansi, K., Haynes, E., & Adams, C. E. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010226 · Cited by 1
Kunath, F., Grobe, H. R., Rücker, G., Motschall, E., Antes, G., Dahm, P., Wullich, B., & Meerpohl, J. J. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009266
Borschmann, R., Khalifeh, H., Trevillion, K., Howard, L. M., & Moran, P. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011042
Prucalopride for the treatment of chronic constipation
Rezaie, A. R., Cheng, E. J., Jijon, H. B., Kumar, S., & Storr, M. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009636
Pain management for inflammatory arthritis and gastrointestinal or liver comorbidity
Radner, H., Ramiro, S., Buchbinder, R., et al. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008951
Steroid sparing drug treatments for polymyalgia rheumatica
Whittle, S., Cole, A., Lester, S., et al. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005325.pub2
Aripiprazole dose for schizophrenia
Thiyagarajan, S., & Sivaraman, P. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009800
Atomoxetine for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents
Kallapiran, G. K., Mammen, P. M., Tharyan, P., & Russell, P. S. S. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009804
Lurasidone versus placebo for schizophrenia
Donnelly, L., & Sampson, S. J. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010448
de Courten, B. V., Barber, M., Johnston, R. V., Liew, D., de Courten, M., Doornum, S. V., Reid, C. M., & Buchbinder, R. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007326
Oestrogen (adjunct) versus placebo for women with schizophrenia
Chua, W. L. L., Grigorov, H. S., & Hiley, J. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012220
Acupuncture and moxibustion in EBM and NBM
YAMASHITA, H., Takanashi, T., Tsuruoka, K., & WAKAYAMA, I. (2018) · Zen Nihon Shinkyu Gakkai zasshi (Journal of the Japan Society of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) · doi:10.3777/jjsam.68.168
Pyridoxal 5 phosphate for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia
Adelufosi, A. O., Abayomi, O., & Ojo, T. M.-F. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010501
Aripiprazole versus sulpiride for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses
Bhattacharjee, J., & El-Sayeh, H. G. G. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012075
Antipsychotics for people with epilepsy and psychosis
Singh, J. A., Pulman, J., Marson, A. G., et al. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010788
Cognitive behaviour therapy (brief versus standard duration) for schizophrenia
Naeem, F., Farooq, S., & Kingdon, D. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010646
von Hagen, A., Kohnen, S., & Stadie, N. (2020) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/w2tr7
Antipsychotics for people with epilepsy and psychosis
Singh, J. A., Pulman, J., Marson, A. G., et al. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010788.pub2
Aripiprazole versus perphenazine for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses
Bhattacharjee, J., & El-Sayeh, H. G. G. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012074
Nidotherapy for people with schizophrenia
Chamberlain, I. J., & Sampson, S. J. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009929
Different communication strategies for disclosing a diagnosis of schizophrenia and related disorders
Farooq, S., Johal, R. K., & Naeem, F. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011707
Miller, K. S., Kipping, B., Rodger, S., Greer, R. M., & Kimble, R. M. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008885.pub2
Preventive interventions for postnatal psychosis
Essali, A., Alabed, S., Guul, A., & Essali, N. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009991
REVISÕES SISTEMÁTICAS PARA O CAMPO DE PESQUISA EM EXERCÍCIO FÍSICO E SAÚDE
Prado, A. K. G., Delevatti, R. S., & Monteiro, E. P. (2022) · Corpoconsciência · doi:10.51283/rc.v26i3.14445
Pradana, A. A., Hidayat, A. T., Yanti, L., & Lee, S. (2026) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.70330 · Cited by 2
“…exercise interventions demonstrated variable effects across functional measures: small- to-medium improvements were observed for functional reach, TUGT, SPPB, and gait speed; medium- to-large effects for handgrip strength; and large effects for sit- to-stand performance among older adults [44, 45].”
InfluentialZuclopenthixol acetate for acute schizophrenia and similar major mental illnesses
Jayakody, K., Chuang, S., Gunadasa, S., Gibson, R. C., Kumar, A., & Tune, P. (2026) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000525.pub4
Metadata
- Authors
- Schünemann, H. J., Oxman, A. D., Vist, G. E., Higgins, J. P., Deeks, J. J., Glasziou, P., & Guyatt, G. H.
- Affiliations
- Instituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena (IT)
- Nasjonalt Kunnskapssenter for Helsetjenesten (NO)
- MRC Biostatistics Unit (GB)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- McMaster University (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-09-22
- Pages
- 359-387
- OpenAlex
- W4205195518
- Cited by
- 366
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 55
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Keywords
- evidence quality assessment, applicability, statistical interpretation, binary outcomes, number needed to treat, continuous outcomes, standardized mean difference
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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