Maturational Constraints in SLA
Abstract
This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Maturational Constraints as the Default Hypothesis The Empirical Evidence Theoretical Foundations Toward an Understanding of the Role of Maturation Future Research: Basic Methodological Requirements A Final Remark
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“For SLA researchers who interpret the extant empirical evidence to be in support of a critical period for the learning of human language (e.g., Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson, 2003), the purview of SLA should be postpubescent learners.”
BackgroundORAL FEEDBACK IN CLASSROOM SLA: A Meta-Analysis
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Self-citationAge and second language acquisition and processing: A selective overview
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“In a reexamination of the Johnson and Newport (1989) data, Bialystok and Hakuta (1994) moved the cutoff point separating early- and late-arriving groups to 20 years.”
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“…1995; Moyer, 2009), and differences in their affective profiles (e.g. Moyer, 2004) and cognitive maturity (e.g. Newport, 1990), have all been proposed, but in the opinion of most reviewers (e.g. DeKeyser and Larson-Hall, 2005; Hyltenstam and Abrahamsson, 2003; Long, 1990) have been found wanting.”
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“Differential long-term outcomes for L2 learners with variations in age of acquisition within childhood have been well documented (Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson, 2003).”
BackgroundThe robustness of aptitude effects in near-native second language acquisition
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Self-citationA critical review of age-related research on L2 ultimate attainment
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LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: RECENT TRENDS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
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RECENT RESEARCH ON AGE, SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION, AND EARLY FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING
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“…evidence; however, some authors interpret studies in favor of the existence of the CPH (e. g., DeKeyser, 2003; DeKeyser & Larson-Hall, 2005; Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson, 2001, 2003) or against it (e. g., Bialystok, 2001; Birdsong, 2005; Marinova-Todd, Marshall, & Snow, 2000, 2001; MacWhinney,…”
Brain Potentials Reveal Discrete Stages of L2 Grammatical Learning
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Hi‐LAB: A New Measure of Aptitude for High‐Level Language Proficiency
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“Yet, some adult learners do achieve near-native global proficiency that is virtually indistinguishable from native speakers on certain tasks, or as judged by naı̈ve raters (Birdsong, 2009; Bongaerts, 1999; Bongaerts, Mennen & van der Slik, 2000; Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson, 2003).”
BackgroundMorphosyntactic Processing in Late Second-Language Learners
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“…there have been many reformulations of this critical period hypothesis (CPH; for overviews, see Birdsong, 2006; DeKeyser & Larsen-Hall, 2005; Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson, 2003), but in most of them, the basic tenet is still that the ability to acquire and to produce the L2 in a native-like…”
Syntactic features and reanalysis in near-native processing
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“I Introduction Research on ultimate attainment in the L2 has hitherto investigated whether endstate L2 speakers attain levels of grammatical knowledge comparable to that of native speakers (e.g. Hyltenstam and Abrahamsson, 2003; Sorace, 2003).”
BackgroundUltimate Attainment in Second Language Acquisition: A Case Study
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Age Effects in Second Language Learning: Stepping Stones Toward Better Understanding
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Temporal dynamics of late second language acquisition: evidence from event-related brain potentials
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Plasticity, Variability and Age in Second Language Acquisition and Bilingualism
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“As a second type of support for critical period effects in L2 acquisition, some researchers point to the lack of evidence for across-the-board nativelikeness in late L2 acquisition (e.g., Long, 1990; Hyltenstam and Abrahamsson, 2003; DeKeyser and Larson-Hall, 2005).”
BackgroundMontrul, S. (2005) · Second language Research · doi:10.1191/0267658305sr247oa · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Older Learners in SLA Research: A First Look at Working Memory, Feedback, and L2 Development
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“Extensive testing has established that ‘younger is better’ when it comes to both first and second language acquisition (for recent reviews, see Hyltenstam and Abrahamsson, 2003; DeKeyser and Larson-Hall, 2005).”
BackgroundFor What and for Whom Is Our Research? The Ethical as Transformative Lens in Instructed SLA
Ortega, L. (2005) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2005.00315.x · Cited by 187 · see citing works
The weaker language in early child bilingualism: Acquiring a first language as a second language?
Meisel, J. M. (2007) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716407070270 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Articles, adjectives and age of onset: the acquisition of Dutch grammatical gender
Blom, E., Polišenská, D., & Weerman, F. (2008) · Second language Research · doi:10.1177/0267658308090183 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“…lead to a critical period for language acquisition (Penfield and Roberts, 1959; Lenneberg, 1967; Newport, 1990; Birdsong, 1999; for an overview, see Hyltenstam and Abrahamsson, 2003), multiple critical periods (Meisel, 2007) or to multiple critical periods that each affect different aspects of the…”
BackgroundLanguage attrition at the crossroads of brain, mind, and society
Köpke, B. (2007) · Studies in bilingualism · doi:10.1075/sibil.33.03kop · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“link with studies in language acquisition and learning – which may be considered the reverse of attrition if we expand Jakobson’s regression hypothesis (1941) – as documented by a growing number of studies attempting to apply theories of L2 acquisition/learning to L1 attrition (e.”
BackgroundVanhove, J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069172 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“Greater variability in UA with increasing age is likely due to factors other than age proper [47], such as the concomitant greater variability in exposure to literacy, degree of education, motivation and opportunity for language use, and by itself represents evidence neither in favour of nor against the CPH.”
BackgroundBilingualism reduces native-language interference during novel-word learning.
Kaushanskaya, M., & Marian, V. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0015275 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Dominant-language replacement: The case of international adoptees
Hyltenstam, K., Bylund, E., Abrahamsson, N., & Park, H.-S. (2009) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728908004008 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“…PERIOD is used by some researchers to indicate a less abrupt cut-off point than is usually associated with a critical period (for references, see Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson, 2003a, p. 556). group had been adopted from South Korea as children and had thus L1 acquisition experience with Korean.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationOn the effects of L2 perception and of individual differences in L1 production on L2 pronunciation
Kartushina, N., & Frauenfelder, U. H. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01246 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Different explanations, ranging from maturational (Lenneberg, 1967; McLaughlin, 1977; see Hyltenstam and Abrahamsson, 2008 for an overview), sociolinguistic (Lewandowski et al., 2009), and psychological (Rota and Reiterer, 2009) factors to personality-related issues (e.g., extraversion,…”
BackgroundForeign Accent: The Phenomenon of Non-native Speech
Moyer, A. (2013) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511794407 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL ISSUES IN THE STUDY OF IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT SECOND-LANGUAGE LEARNING
Hulstijn, J. H. (2005) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · doi:10.1017/s0272263105050082 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Cormier, K., Schembri, A., Vinson, D., & Orfanidou, E. (2012) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.04.003 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“…the L1 critical period hypothesis comes primarily from two groups with atypical 3 For useful overviews covering key literature on the critical period hypothesis in second language acquisition, see Birdsong (1999a), Hyltenstam and Abrahamsson (2005) and Harley and Wang (1997). language development.”
Factors of success and failure in the acquisition of grammatical gender in Dutch
Cornips, L. M. E. A., & Hulk, A. (2008) · Second language Research · doi:10.1177/0267658308090182 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“Whereas Lenneberg thought that the critical age was around puberty, since then it has generally been assumed that the end of such an optimal period lies around age seven or eight (for a recent overview, see Hyltenstam and Abrahamsson, 2003).”
BackgroundInteractions Between Individual Differences, Treatments, and Structures in SLA
DeKeyser, R. (2012) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2012.00712.x · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Critical periods in language acquisition and language attrition
Pallier, C. (2007) · Studies in Bilingualism · doi:10.1075/sibil.33.11pal · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Plag, I. (2008) · Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages · doi:10.1075/jpcl.23.2.06pla · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The Role of Language Aptitude in First Language Attrition: The Case of Pre-pubescent Attriters
Bylund, E., Abrahamsson, N., & Hyltenstam, K. (2009) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amp059 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, B., Guion, S. G., & Harada, T. (2006) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263106060207 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Dutch gender in specific language impairment and second language acquisition
Orgassa, A., & Weerman, F. (2008) · Second language Research · doi:10.1177/0267658308090184 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Age Effects in First Language Attrition: Speech Perception by Korean‐English Bilinguals
Ahn, S., Chang, C. B., DEKEYSER, R. M., & Lee‐Ellis, S. (2017) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12252 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“…studies have shown that age-related maturational constraints1 are a powerful variable in the explanation of ultimate attainment in the L2 (for reviews, see DeKeyser & Larsen-Hall, 2005; Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson, 2003), whereas only a few studies have reported age effects in the first language (L1).”
BackgroundGauthier, K., & Genesee, F. H. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01578.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Evidence that differences between adopted and non-adopted children persist with more exposure to the adoptive language would suggest that other factors, such as delayed age of exposure, might be involved (Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson, 2003; Thordardottir, 2008).).”
BackgroundAge and input in the acquisition of grammatical gender in Dutch
Unsworth, S. (2008) · Second language Research · doi:10.1177/0267658308090185 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“In contrast, L2 children are observed – and to a certain extent are assumed – to regularly attain native levels of competence (for relevant discussion, see Hyltenstam and Abrahamsson, 2003).”
BackgroundSecond language syntactic processing revealed through event-related potentials: An empirical review
Caffarra, S., Molinaro, N., Davidson, D. J., & Carreiras, M. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.010 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The influence of rater language background on writing performance assessment
Johnson, J. S., & Lim, G. S. (2009) · Language Testing · doi:10.1177/0265532209340186 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Segeritz, M., Walter, O., & Stanat, P. (2010) · KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie · doi:10.1007/s11577-010-0094-1 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Dimroth, C. (2008) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2007.00436.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“1 For a discussion of the relation between sentence negation and constituent negation, see Moser (1992). Studies including the L2 acquisition of other types of negation (e.”
BackgroundNativelikeness and non-nativelikeness in L2A research
Birdsong, D. P. (2005) · IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching · doi:10.1515/iral.2005.43.4.319 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Flores, C. M. M., & Barbosa, P. P. (2012) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/1367006912448124 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“L2 learners rarely achieve complete native-like competence in all domains of their second language (Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson, 2003).”
BackgroundTeaching and learning L2 in the classroom: It's about time
LIGHTBOWN, P. M., & Spada, N. M. (2019) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444819000454 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“…variety of communicative settings, and those who continue to use it into adolescence and adulthood are likely to be perceived as no different from monolingual native speakers in terms of their pronunciation (Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson, 2003) and their use of grammatical morphology (Patkowski, 1980).”
BackgroundMontrul, S., & Foote, R. (2012) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/1367006912443431 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“…and phonology, for which AoA has been claimed to play a significant role in ultimate attainment (Abrahamsson & Hyltenstam, 2009; DeKeyser, 2000; Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson, 2003; Johnson & Newport, 1989; Long, 1990; Paradis, 2004, 2009), this study suggests that visual word recognition seems to…”
BackgroundLinguistic Skills of Adult Native Speakers, as a Function of Age and Level of Education
Mulder, K., & Hulstijn, J. H. (2011) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amr016 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
New Perspectives on Individual Differences in Language Learning and Teaching
Pawlak, M. (2012) · Second language learning and teaching · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20850-8 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Acquisition of L2 English morphology
Zhang, Y., & Widyastuti, I. (2010) · Australian Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.2104/aral1029 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Dynamic systems, maturational constraints and L1 phonetic attrition
de Leeuw, E., Mennen, I., & Scobbie, J. M. (2012) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/1367006912454620 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Hulstijn, J. H. (2018) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12317 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“…of theoretical explanations and empirical studies, summarized by, for example, Abrahamsson and Hyltenstam Language Learning 69:S1, March 2019, pp. 157–183 168 (2009), Birdsong (2006), DeKeyser (2012), De Groot (2011), Hyltenstam and Abrahamsson (2003), Long (2013), and Muñoz and Singleton (2011).”
BackgroundThe Critical Period Hypothesis for Second Language Acquisition: Tailoring the Coat of Many Colors
Birdsong, D. P. (2013) · Second language learning and teaching · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01414-2_3 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
White Paper: Prolegomena to Heritage Linguistics
Benmamoun, E., Montrul, S., & Polinsky, M. (2010) · Cited by 72 · see citing works
ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY EFFECTS IN SECOND LANGUAGE LEXICAL ACQUISITION
Crossley, S. A., Skalicky, S., Kyle, K. D., & Monteiro, K. (2019) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263118000268 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
A Test of the Critical Period Hypothesis for Language Learning1
Chiswick, B. R., & Miller, P. W. (2008) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.2167/jmmd555.0 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Bilingualism/Multilingualism and Second‐Language Acquisition
Butler, Y. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118332382.ch5 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
THE USE OF NATIVE SPEAKER NORMS IN CRITICAL PERIOD HYPOTHESIS RESEARCH
Andringa, S. J. (2014) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263113000600 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Hyltenstam and Abrahamsson ( 2003 ) advocated a more empirical approach when they claimed that inquiry into the CPH should not be limited to core aspects of grammar.”
InfluentialPereltsvaig, A. M. (2017) · Language Problems & Language Planning · doi:10.1075/lplp.41.2.06per · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The Age‐Length‐Onset Problem in Research on Second Language Acquisition Among Immigrants
Stevens, G. (2006) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2006.00392.x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Second-language phonology: the role of perception
Escudero, P. (2007) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230625396_5 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Child second language acquisition from a generative perspective
Haznedar, B. (2013) · Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism · doi:10.1075/lab.3.1.02haz · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Advanced Heritage Learners of Spanish: A Sociolinguistic Profile for Pedagogical Purposes
Alarcón, I. (2010) · Foreign Language Annals · doi:10.1111/j.1944-9720.2010.01078.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Bylund, E., Hyltenstam, K., & Abrahamsson, N. (2020) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728920000188 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationSecond Language Pronunciation Assessment
Ballard, L., Barker, F., Blanchet, J., Browne, K., Darcy, I., Davies, A., Fulcher, G., Galaczi, E., Guénette, D., Harding, L., et al. (2016) · Multilingual Matters eBooks · doi:10.21832/isaacs6848 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Larson‐Hall, J. (2006) · Language and Speech · doi:10.1177/00238309060490040401 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
LEFT DISLOCATION IN NEAR-NATIVE FRENCH
Donaldson, B. (2011) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263111000039 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Such shortcomings may not be immediately evident, however, and differences between near-natives and natives sometimes manifest themselves only under close scrutiny (Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson, 2003 ).”
BackgroundLinguistic perception and second language acquisition
Boersma, P., Zonneveld, W., Kager, R., & Escudero, P. (2005) · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Factors Affecting Grammatical and Lexical Complexity of Long‐Term L2 Speakers’ Oral Proficiency
Lahmann, C., Steinkrauss, R., & Schmid, M. S. (2015) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12151 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“…of opportunity closes before the chosen age range, studies particularly on morphosyntax have repeatedly demonstrated that the offset of a critical period is to be expected around the age of 12 (e.g. Granena & Long, 2013; for reviews see DeKeyser & Larson-Hall, 2005; Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson, 2003).”
BackgroundREEXAMINING THE FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCE HYPOTHESIS
Montrul, S. (2009) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263109090299 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Bilingual language development among the first generation Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands
Yılmaz, G. (2013) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Spoken-word recognition in foreign-accented speech by L2 listeners
Weber, A., Broersma, M., & Aoyagi, M. (2011) · Journal of Phonetics · doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2010.12.004 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Learning (near-) native pronunciation is often seen as the most prominent and persistent difficulty for adult second language learners (e.g., Bongaerts, van Summeren, Planken, & Schils, 1997; Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson, 2003).”
Robinson, P., & Ellis, N. (2008) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203938560-28 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
No Childhood Advantage in the Acquisition of Skill in Using an Artificial Language Rule
Ferman, S., & Karni, A. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013648 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Our results do not support the notion that while language abilities in children evolve slowly, children outperform adults in the long run [3,22,63].”
ResultLemercier, É., Toke, V. M., & Palomares, É. (2014) · Terrains & travaux · doi:10.3917/tt.024.0005
Montrul, S. (2008) · Second language Research · doi:10.1177/0267658308095738 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Does Language Testing Need the Native Speaker?
Davies, A. (2011) · Language Assessment Quarterly · doi:10.1080/15434303.2011.570827 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The role of task sequencing in L2 development as mediated by working memory capacity
Levkina, M. (2014) · Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) · Cited by 44 · see citing works
On the role of experience and age-related effects: Evidence from the Spanish CP
Cuza, A., & Frank, J. (2014) · Second language Research · doi:10.1177/0267658314532939 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Social Structure and Language Structure: the New Nomothetic Approach
Roberts, S. G., & Winters, J. (2012) · Psychology of Language and Communication · doi:10.2478/v10057-012-0008-6 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Experimental work has shown that age of exposure is a crucial factor for ultimate attainment of a language (e.g. Johnson and Newport, 1989, see Long, 1990; Birdsong and Molis, 2001 for reviews), although a definite cut-off age is disputed (see Hyltenstam and Abrahamsson, 2003).”
BackgroundCan Chunk Size Differences Explain Developmental Changes in Lexical Learning?
Smalle, E. H. M., Bogaerts, L., Simonis, M., Duyck, W., Page, M. P. A., Edwards, M., & Szmalec, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01925 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“However, the exact nature, cause and magnitude of this sensitive period phenomenon in language learning remains an issue of wide controversy (Hyltenstam and Abrahamsson, 2003; Birdsong, 2006; DeKeyser, 2013), to the extent that the journal Science, in its 125th anniversary edition, labeled the…”
BackgroundFUNDAMENTAL AND GRADIENT DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Herschensohn, J. (2009) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263109090305 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Naturalistic acquisition in an early language classroom
Dahl, A., & Vulchanova, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00329 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“…from findings in research is generally that the earlier one starts acquiring a language before adulthood, the better the chances are of attaining target competence (Johnson and Newport, 1989; Hyltenstam, 1992; DeKeyser, 2000; Hyltenstam and Abrahamsson, 2003; Singleton and Ryan, 2004 ch. 7).”
BackgroundThe Effects of Age on Second Language Grammar and Speech Production
Huang, B. H. (2013) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-013-9261-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“The CPH researchers have recently called attention to these methodological differences, in particular the differences in the sensitivity of the language measures and stimuli (Abrahamsson and Hyltenstam 2009; Birdsong and Molis 2001; Hyltenstam and Abrahamsson 2003; Long 2005; Newport et al. 2001).”
BackgroundVocabulary size and depth of word knowledge in adult‐onset second language acquisition
Hellman, A. B. (2011) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/j.1473-4192.2010.00265.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
New conceptualizations of linguistic giftedness.
Biedroń, A., & Pawlak, M. (2016) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444815000439 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Genesee, F. H. (2008) · Zero to three · Cited by 35 · see citing works
7 Incomplete Acquisition and Verb Placement in Heritage Scandinavian
Larsson, I., & Johannessen, J. B. (2015) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004290211_008 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Personality factors as predictors of foreign language aptitude
Biedroń, A. (2011) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2011.1.4.2 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The researchers emphasized the need for research on not only cognitive, but also affective factors in exceptional foreign language learners, which are capable of compensating for the late start (cf. Hu & Reiterer, 2009; Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson, 2003).”
BackgroundThe realization of information focus in monolingual and bilingual native Spanish
Leal, T., Destruel, É., & Hoot, B. (2017) · Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism · doi:10.1075/lab.16009.lea · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Overall, this research has found that, although an early start seems a crucial, perhaps even necessary, condition for native-like achievement, it does not guarantee it (Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson, 2003).”
BackgroundHyltenstam, K. (2018) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728918000172 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“In order to tie this together I would like to refer to a model that specifies the interaction of maturation (or CPL) effects, exercise effects and social/psychological factors in defining L2 ultimate attainment under different circumstances (see Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson, 2003, p. 573).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFlege, J. E., & Wayland, R. P. (2019) · Journal of Second Language Studies · doi:10.1075/jsls.00004.fle · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Inflectional morphology in bilingual language processing: An age-of-acquisition study
Bosch, S., Veríssimo, J., & Clahsen, H. (2019) · Language Acquisition · doi:10.1080/10489223.2019.1570204 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hyltenstam, K., & Abrahamsson, N.
- Venue
- The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-01
- Pages
- 538-588
- OpenAlex
- W1559758698
- Cited by
- 400
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 28
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Keywords
- maturational constraints, second language acquisition, developmental constraints, language acquisition theory
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