Mechanisms of Bone Remodeling
Abstract
Bone remodeling is a tightly regulated process securing repair of microdamage (targeted remodeling) and replacement of old bone with new bone through sequential osteoclastic resorption and osteoblastic bone formation. The rate of remodeling is regulated by a wide variety of calcitropic hormones (PTH, thyroid hormone, sex steroids) and local factors like proinflammatory cytokines (interleukins, tumor necrosis factors) and a variety of growth factors (RUNX, Osterix, TGFβ). In recent years we have come to appreciate that bone remodeling proceeds in a specialized vascular structure, which has been named the Bone Remodeling Compartment (BRC). The outer lining of this compartment is made up of flattened cells, displaying all the characteristics of osteoblastic cells including expression of OPG and RANKL, and may be responsible for the cell to cell interaction necessary for subsequent differentiation of osteoclast- and osteoblast precursors arriving at the BRC either via the circulation and/or from the marrow space. Furthermore, the secretion of regulatory factors inside a confined space separated from the bone marrow is a precondition for local regulation of the remodeling process without interference from growth factors secreted in much higher concentrations in the marrow space. Inside the BRC cells are exposed to denuded bone, enabling direct cellular interactions with integrins and other matrix factors known to regulate osteoclast/osteoblast activity locally. However, the denuded bone surface inside the BRC also constitutes an ideal environment for the seeding of bone metastases, known to have high affinity for bone matrix constituents.
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Loss of gonadal steroids leads to increased activation frequency and osteoclastic hyperactivity with increased resorption depth and increased likelihood of trabecular perforations, ultimately creating irreversible bone loss.
“Loss of gonadal steroids leads to an increase in activation frequency and osteoclastic hyperactivity with increased resorption depth with an increased likelihood of trabecular perforations, ultimately creating irreversible bone loss.(7,42)”
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Abrahamsen, B., Jørgensen, H. L., Laulund, A. S., Nybo, M., Bauer, D. C., Brix, T. H., & Hegedüs, L. (2015) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.2416 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
- Authors
- Shabestari, M., & Eriksen, E. F.
- Affiliations
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- Venue
- Osteoporosis
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-08-02
- Pages
- 31-45
- OpenAlex
- W2266344151
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2014: 1
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Alkaline Phosphatase Research Studies
- Keywords
- bone remodeling, osteoclast resorption, calcitropic hormones, parathyroid hormone, inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, RUNX, Osterix, TGF-beta, RANKL, OPG, integrins, bone metastasis, bone matrix
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