Engineered PVDF/PLCL/PEDOT Dual Electroactive Nerve Conduit to Mediate Peripheral Nerve Regeneration by Modulating the Immune Microenvironment
Open accessAbstract
Electroactive materials are increasingly recognized for their efficacy in promoting the repair of peripheral nerve injury. However, the mechanism by which electroactive materials promote peripheral nerve regeneration by modulating the immune microenvironment remains incompletely explored. In this study, a PVDF/PLCL/PEDOT artificial peripheral nerve conduit with dual electroactivity by integrating piezoelectric properties and electrical conductivity is constructed. The electroactive conduit exhibited excellent spontaneous electrical and conductive properties, superior suture resistance and anti‐twisting properties. Detailed in vitro cell experiments and in vivo animal experiments are conducted, revealing that the electroactive nerve conduit can effectively promote rat sciatic nerve regeneration while facilitating reconstruction of both nerve conduction function and motor function. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism in depth is investigated and found that the electroactive material can regulate the immune microenvironment by activating the PI3K/AKT‐Nrf2 signaling pathway, thereby promoting macrophage polarization toward M2 anti‐inflammatory phenotype. This subsequently facilitated Schwann cell recruitment and myelin formation through mediation of the macrophage paracrine system. Importantly, blocking immune signaling pathways diminished the effectiveness of the electroactive nerve conduit in promoting nerve repair. The work elucidated how electroactive materials modulate immune microenvironment to positively impact peripheral nerve repair, highlighting the critical role of immune modulation in peripheral nerve repair.
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Although PLCL itself is non-conductive, its electrical properties can be enhanced by incorporating electroactive components such as PVDF, PEDOT, GO, or PPy.
“Although PLCL itself is non-conductive, its electrical properties can be enhanced by incorporating electroactive components such as PVDF, PEDOT, GO, or PPy (Fig. 9) [186, 187].”
From Application of PLCL as a biodegradable polymer in biomedical engineering (2026) · cites this paper as [187]
Section 2.1 (page not provided) reports that adding PEDOT increased conductivity in PVDF/PLCL composite films and that the films retained PVDF’s piezoelectric properties. The cited paper does not address GO or PPy as additives, so it supports only part of the listed examples. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPVDF/PLCL/PEDOT neural catheter with conductive and piezoelectric electroactivity regulates immune microenvironment by activating PI3K/AKT-Nrf2 signaling pathway, promoting macrophage polarization towards M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype, and promoting Schwann cell recruitment and myelination.
“Wang et al. constructed a PVDF/PLCL/PEDOT neural catheter with both conductive and piezoelectric electroactivity. This electroactive material can regulate the immune microenvironment by activating the PI3K/AKT-Nrf2 signaling pathway, thereby promoting the polarization of macrophages towards M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype, and promoting Schwann cell recruitment and myelination [187].”
From Application of PLCL as a biodegradable polymer in biomedical engineering (2026) · cites this paper as [187]
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- Authors
- Wang, Q., Wei, Y., Yin, X., Zhan, G., Cao, X., & Gao, H.
- Affiliations
- South China University of Technology (CN)
- Zhengzhou University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Cao, Xiaodong
- Gao, Huichang
- Venue
- Advanced Functional Materials
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2024-03-05
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 28
- ISSN
- 1616-301X (ISSN-L)
- 1616-3028
- OpenAlex
- W4392472458
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 10
- FWCI
- 9.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Advanced Functional Materials (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (31971261, 52272276, 52073103)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications
- Keywords
- peripheral nerve regeneration, piezoelectric materials, electrical conductivity, immune microenvironment, macrophage polarization, M2 macrophages, myelination, sciatic nerve injury, motor recovery
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