Preventing discrimination based on psychiatric risk biomarkers
Open accessAbstract
Recent studies have identified genomic and nongenomic psychiatric risk biomarkers (PRBs; e.g., genomic variants, blood analytes, gray matter volume). PRBs may soon become a powerful tool for improving psychiatric care and prevention. PRB research and its translation to clinical care, however, may prove to be a double‐edged sword. Mental health stigma and discrimination are already widespread, and data caution that biological explanations of psychiatric disorders can exacerbate these stigmatizing attitudes, increasing the desire for social distance and heightening the perceived dangerousness of the patient. As a reaction to the Human Genome Project and historical concerns about eugenics, the international community mobilized to establish legislation to prevent genomic discrimination. But in most countries, these laws are limited to few contexts (e.g., employment, health insurance), and very few countries protect against discrimination based on nongenomic risk biomarkers. Like genomic PRBs, nongenomic PRBs provide information regarding risk for stigmatized psychiatric disorders and have similar—and in some cases greater—predictive value. Numerous large‐scale neuroscience and neurogenomics projects are advancing the identification and translation of PRBs. The prospect of PRB‐based stigma however, threatens to undermine the potential benefits of this research. Unbridaled by nonexistent or limited PRB anti‐discrimination protections, the threat of PRB‐based stigma and discrimination may lead many to forego PRB testing, even if shown to have clinical utility. To maximize the clinical and social benefits of PRB‐based technologies, educational campaigns should address mental health and PRB stigma, and lawmakers should carefully consider expanding legislation that prohibits PRB‐based discrimination.
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As a reaction to the Human Genome project, fuelled by historical concerns about eugenics, national legislation has been developed in some countries to prevent genomic discrimination.
“Indeed, as a reaction to the Human Genome project, fuelled by historical concerns about eugenics, national legislation has been developed in some countries to prevent genomic discrimination 50 .”
From Candidate diagnostic biomarkers for neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as [50]
In “Inadequate Protection Against Discrimination Based on Psychiatric Risk Biomarkers” (page not provided), the paper says the Human Genome Project prompted legislation prohibiting genomic discrimination in several countries. It says historical concerns about eugenics *may* explain the priority given to such laws; the claim presents that proposed explanation as an established cause. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act 1990 US 10111245
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cortese, S., Solmi, M., Michelini, G., Bellato, A., Blanner, C., Canozzi, A., Eudave, L., Farhat, L. C., Højlund, M., Köhler‐Forsberg, O., et al. (2023) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21037 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Brannan, C., Foulkes, A. L., & Lázaro‐Muñoz, G.
- Affiliations
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lázaro‐Muñoz, Gabriel
- Venue
- American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-04-06
- Volume
- 180
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 159-171
- ISSN
- 1552-4841 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-485X
- PMC
- PMC6173986
- OpenAlex
- W2796471193
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 0.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH114854)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (R00HG008689)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, Medicine and Society
- Keywords
- genetic discrimination, anti-discrimination law, mental health stigma, genomic biomarkers, eugenics, neurogenomics, risk prediction, social distance
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Humans, Mental Health, Risk Factors, Stereotyping, Biomarkers, Social Stigma, Social Discrimination
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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