Structural Levels of Mental Illness Stigma and Discrimination
Abstract
Most of the models that currently describe processes related to mental illness stigma are based on individual-level psychological paradigms. In this article, using a sociological paradigm, we apply the concepts of structural discrimination to broaden our understanding of stigmatizing processes directed at people with mental illness. Structural, or institutional, discrimination includes the policies of private and governmental institutions that intentionally restrict the opportunities of people with mental illness. It also includes major institutions' policies that are not intended to discriminate but whose consequences nevertheless hinder the options of people with mental illness. After more fully defining intentional and unintentional forms of structural discrimination, we provide current examples of each. Then we discuss the implications of structural models for advancing our understanding of mental illness stigma, including the methodological challenges posed by this paradigm.
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Emerging research has highlighted that structural forces not only impede implementation in their own right but also perpetuate and reinforce other barriers such as stigma and deprioritization of mental health care.
“This need for task-sharing interventions to be more responsive to and resistant against macro-level factors is echoed by emerging research that has highlighted the role that structural forces play in not only impeding implementation in their own right but also perpetuating and reinforcing other barriers (e.g., stigma, deprioritization of mental health care) [97–99].”
From Barriers and facilitators to implementation of evidence-based task-sharing mental health interventions in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review using implementation science frameworks (2022) · cites this paper as [97]
The Conclusion says institutional, economic and political forces can give rise to mental illness stigma. The section on unintentional structural discrimination describes policies that leave psychiatric care with fewer resources, and the section on supportive services says those shortages can compound discrimination. The paper does not address implementation of task-sharing interventions, so it does not support that part of the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Self-citationLee, S., Chiu, M. Y.-L., Tsang, A., Chui, H. C., & Kleinman, A. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.016 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Deportation Stigma and Re-migration
Schuster, L., & Majidi, N. (2015) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2014.957174 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Stigma and Discrimination (SAD) at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
Baldassarre, A., Giorgi, G., Alessio, F., Lulli, L. G., Arcangeli, G., & Mucci, N. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17176341 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Mental Health Stigma in the Military
Acosta, J., Becker, A., Cerully, J., Fisher, M., Martin, L. T., Vardavas, R., Slaughter, M. E., & Schell, T. L. (2014) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr426 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Stigma and bipolar disorder: A review of the literature
Hawke, L. D., Parikh, S. V., & Michalak, E. E. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.030 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
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Labeling of mental disorders and stigma in young people
Wright, A., Jorm, A. F., & Mackinnon, A. J. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.015 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Milad (2012) · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.002 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The “Big C”—stigma, cancer, and workplace discrimination
Stergiou‐Kita, M., Pritlove, C., & Kirsh, B. H. (2016) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-016-0547-2 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Lempp, H., Abayneh, S., Gurung, D., Kola, L., Abdulmalik, J., Evans-Lacko, S., Semrau, M., Alem, A., Thornicroft, G., & Hanlon, C. (2018) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796017000634 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Bonnington, O., & Rose, D. S. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.048 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Addressing stigma of depression in Latino primary care patients.
Vega, W., Rodríguez, M. A., & Ang, A. (2010) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.10.008 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Erasing the Stigma: Where Science Meets Advocacy
Corrigan, P. W., & Kosyluk, K. A. (2013) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2012.746598 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationStigma and intellectual disability: Potential application of mental illness research.
Ditchman, N., Werner, S., Kosyluk, K. A., Jones, N., Elg, B., & Corrigan, P. W. (2013) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032466 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationSubjective Experience of Family Stigma as Reported by Children of Alzheimer’s Disease Patients
Werner, P., Goldstein, D., & Buchbinder, E. (2010) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732309358330 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Structures and Types of Stigma
Sheehan, L. L., Nieweglowski, K., & Corrigan, P. W. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27839-1_3 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationDiscrimination against people with mental illness: what can psychiatrists do?
Thornicroft, G., Rose, D. S., & Mehta, N. (2010) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.107.004481 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Mantovani, N., Pizzolati, M., & Edge, D. (2016) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.12464 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Nardodkar, R., Pathare, S., Ventriglio, A., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Javate, K. R., Torales, J. C., & Bhugra, D. (2016) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2016.1210575 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Mirabito, A. M., Otnes, C. C., Crosby, E., Wooten, D. B., Machin, J. E., Pullig, C., Adkins, N. R., Dunnett, S., Hamilton, K., Thomas, K. D., et al. (2016) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1509/jppm.15.145 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Tomczyk, S., Rahn, M., & Schmidt, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01821 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Unequal depression for equal work? How the wage gap explains gendered disparities in mood disorders
Platt, J., Prins, S., Bates, L., & Keyes, K. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.056 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Mental illness--stigma and discrimination in Zambia.
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Krajewski, C., Burazeri, G., & Brand, H. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.08.013 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Mental illness stigma: Types, constructs, and vehicles for change.
Corrigan, P. W., & Kosyluk, K. A. (2013) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14297-003 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationMental Health Stigma: What is being done to raise awareness and reduce stigma in South Africa?
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The depiction of stigmatization in research about hepatitis C
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Mental illness, poverty and stigma in India: a case-control study
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A qualitative study: experiences of stigma by people with mental health problems
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Structural stigma and its impact on healthcare for borderline personality disorder: a scoping review
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Human Rights, Stigma, and Substance Use.
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Stigma, agency and recovery amongst people with severe mental illness
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The stigma system: How sociopolitical domination, scapegoating, and stigma shape public health
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Courtesy stigma: a hidden health concern among front‐line service providers to sex workers
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- Authors
- Corrigan, P. W., Markowitz, F. E., & Watson, A. C.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Northern Illinois University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Corrigan, P. W.
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-01-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 481-491
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- OpenAlex
- W2116487032
- Cited by
- 756
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 14.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Huskie Commons (Northern Illinois University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Northern Illinois University
- Northwestern University
- National Institute of Mental Health (R24MH062198, MH-62198)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- mental health stigma, structural discrimination
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Persons with Disabilities, Humans, Prejudice, Social Conditions, Stereotyping, Organizational Policy, Models, Organizational, Private Sector, Federal Government
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