Coppery titi monkey (Plecturocebus cupreus) pairs display coordinated behaviors in response to a simulated intruder
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Mate guarding and coordinated behaviors between partners are important for the maintenance of monogamous pair bonds. To study the effects of a perceived unfamiliar social intruder on females' behavior, we used coppery titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus). We examined the effects of male aggressive temperament on females' behavior and the effects of each behavior performed by the male on the same female behavior. Using a mirror, we simulated a social intruder in the home territory and scored behaviors using an established ethogram. Based on our analysis of self-directed behaviors, females do not recognize themselves in the mirror. We then used general linear mixed models to predict percent change in females' behaviors as a function of (a) males' temperament, (b) males' behavior, and (c) an interaction between males' temperament and behavior. Male temperament did not significantly predict female behavior for any of our best fitting models. For percent change in female lip-smacking, male lip-smacking significantly predicted female lip-smacking (β = 0.74, SE = 0.22, t = 3.39; p = .004). There was a positive correlation between male and female agonistic behaviors such as back-arching/tail-lashing (β = 0.51, SE = 0.23, t = 2.22; p = .04) and for anxiety-related behaviors such as leaving the partner (β = 0.50, SE = 0.19, t = 2.68; p = .015), locomotion duration (β = 0.19, SE = 0.06, t = 2.98; p = .02), and locomotion frequency (β = 0.71, SE = 0.14, t = 5.17; p < .001). These findings on coordination of pair-mate behaviors may explain how titi monkeys display pair bond strength and ensure their reproductive success.
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Male and female titi monkeys display coordinated defensive and mate-guarding behaviors upon exposure to a simulated intruder.
“Furthermore, male and female titi monkeys display coordinated defensive and mate-guarding behaviors upon exposure to a simulated intruder [159].”
From The Neurobiology of Love and Pair Bonding from Human and Animal Perspectives (2023) · cites this paper as [159]
The Discussion reports coordinated defensive displays: males’ and females’ changes in arching/lashing were positively correlated. It also reports that both sexes increased partner-restraining, described as mate-guarding, in response to a perceived intruder. But their changes in restraining were not correlated, so the source does not establish coordinated mate-guarding. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCoppery titi monkeys pair bond with opposite-sex mates and display partner preference and mate guarding.
“Coppery titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus) pair bond with opposite-sex mates and display partner preference and mate guarding.”
From The Neurobiology of Love and Pair Bonding from Human and Animal Perspectives (2023) · cites this paper as [159]
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Witczak, L. R., Lau, A. R., Hobson, B. A., Freeman, S. M., Zablocki‐Thomas, P., Dufek, M. E., Ferrer, E. E., Chaudhari, A. J., & Bales, K. L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-31143-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationRefinement of personality measures in European minks: Effect of sex, age and maternal factors
Ortiz‐Jiménez, L., Fernández‐Lázaro, G., Latorre, R., & Barja, I. (2025) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106520 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mercier, F., Witczak, L. R., & Bales, K. L.
- Affiliations
- École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (FR)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Witczak, Lynea R.
- Venue
- American Journal of Primatology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-05-16
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e23141-e23141
- ISSN
- 0275-2565 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-2345
- PMC
- PMC7374768
- OpenAlex
- W3024965347
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 3.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Primatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- American Society of Primatologists
- National Institutes of Health (HD017998, HD092055)
- California National Primate Research Center (OD011107)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- Plecturocebus cupreus, pair bonding, mate guarding, coordinated behavior, mirror self-recognition, female behavior, agonistic behavior, anxiety-like behavior, monogamy
- MeSH terms
- Aggression, Animals, Anxiety, Female, Male, Pair Bond, Social Behavior, Temperament, Pitheciidae
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