Monogamy in Mammals
Abstract
This review considers the behavioral, ecological, and reproductive characteristics of mammals exhibiting monogamy, i.e., mating exclusivity. From a discussion of the life histories of selected species of monogamous primates, carnivores, rodents and ungulates, several trends emerge. Two forms of monogamy occur, Type I, facultative, and Type II, obligate. The selective pressures leading to these two forms of monogamy may have been different. Facultative monogamy may result when a species exists at very low densities, with males and females being so spaced that only a single member of the opposite sex is available for mating. Obligate monogamy appears to occur when a solitary female cannot rear a litter without aid from conspecifics, but the carrying capacity of the habitat is insufficient to allow more than one female to breed simultaneously within the same home range. Within both types of monogamy, the following traits are typically seen: (1) adults show little sexual dimorphism either physically or behaviorally: (2) the adult male and female exhibit infrequent socio-sexual interactions except during the early stages of pair bond formation. Additional trends specific to mammals exhibiting obligate monogamy are: (1) the young exhibit delayed sexual maturation in the presence of the parents, and thus only the adult pair breeds; (2) the older juveniles aid in rearing young siblings; and (3) the adult male (father) aids in the rearing of young by any or all of the following: carrying, feeding, defending, and socializing offspring.
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Adult attachments between mating partners are rare in mammals, occurring in only 3-5% of mammalian species.
“Adult attachments between mating partners are relatively rare in mammals, occurring in only 3-5% of mammalian species (Orians 1969; Kleiman 1977).”
From The behavioral, anatomical and pharmacological parallels between social attachment, love and addiction (2012) · cites this paper as Kleiman 1977
Most mammalian species are promiscuous breeders that do not form selective partner preferences toward specific mating partners.
“The majority of mammalian species are promiscuous breeders that do not form selective partner preferences toward specific mating partners (Kleiman 1977).”
From The behavioral, anatomical and pharmacological parallels between social attachment, love and addiction (2012) · cites this paper as Kleiman 1977
Social monogamy is a rare mating system among mammals, estimated at between 3 and 9 percent of mammalian species.
“social monogamy is a rare mating system among mammals (estimated between 3 – 9% of mammalian species; (Kleiman, 1977; Lukas and Clutton-Brock, 2013)”
From Neuropeptide diversity and the regulation of social behavior in New World primates (2016) · cites this paper as Kleiman, 1977
Adult male-female bonds are partly characterized by initiating and maintaining close proximity with a social partner, as well as engaging in high levels of affiliative and sociosexual behavior.
“Adult male-female bonds are partly characterized by initiating and maintaining close proximity with a social partner, as well as engaging in high levels of affiliative and sociosexual behavior (Kleiman, 1977).”
From Marmosets treated with oxytocin are more socially attractive to their long-term mate (2015) · cites this paper as Kleiman, 1977
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- Authors
- Kleiman, D. G.
- Corresponding author
- Kleiman, Devra G.
- Venue
- The Quarterly Review of Biology
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1977-03
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 39-69
- ISSN
- 0033-5770 (ISSN-L)
- 1539-7718
- OpenAlex
- W2034169221
- Cited by
- 1,436
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 55.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Quarterly Review of Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Smithsonian Digital Repository (Smithsonian Institution) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- monogamy, primate life history, carnivores, rodents, ungulates, sexual dimorphism, pair bonding, delayed sexual maturation, paternal care, carrying capacity, home range
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birth Weight, Ecology, Environment, Biological Evolution, Feeding Behavior, Grooming, Humans, Mammals, Pair Bond, Paternal Behavior, Primates, Reproduction, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Sex Characteristics, Sexual Maturation, Social Behavior
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