Cited by 285Pleistocene-Era Hominins and ArchaeologyPrimate Behavior and EcologyEvolution and Paleontology Studies

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Brain size and encephalization in early to Mid‐Pleistocene Homo

Rightmire, G. Philip·2004·American Journal of Physical Anthropology

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Abstract

Important changes in the brain have occurred during the course of human evolution. Both absolute and relative size increases can be documented for species of Homo, culminating in the appearance of modern humans. One species that is particularly well-represented by fossil crania is Homo erectus. The mean capacity for 30 individuals is 973 cm(3). Within this group there is substantial variation, but brain size increases slightly in specimens from later time periods. Other Middle Pleistocene crania differ from those of Homo erectus. Characters of the facial skeleton, vault, and cranial base suggest that fossils from sites such as Arago Cave in France, the Sima de los Huesos in Spain, Bodo in Ethiopia, Broken Hill in Zambia, and perhaps Dali in China belong to the taxon Homo heidelbergensis. Ten of these mid-Quaternary hominins have brains averaging 1,206 cm(3) in volume, and many fall beyond the limits of size predicted for Homo erectus of equivalent age. When orbit height is used to construct an index of relative brain size, it is apparent that the (significant) increase in volume documented for the Middle Pleistocene individuals is not simply a consequence of larger body mass. Encephalization quotient values confirm this finding. These changes in absolute and relative brain size can be taken as further corroborative evidence for a speciation event, in which Homo erectus produced a daughter lineage. It is probable that Homo heidelbergensis originated in Africa or western Eurasia and then ranged widely across the Old World. Archaeological traces indicate that these populations differed in their technology and behavior from earlier hominins.

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Authors: Rightmire, G. P.
Affiliations: Binghamton University (US)
Corresponding author: Rightmire, G. Philip
ORCID: Rightmire, G. Philip
Venue: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2003-09-08
Volume: 124
Issue: 2
Pages: 109-123
ISSN: 0002-9483 (ISSN-L)
1096-8644
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.10346
OpenAlex: W2061810403
Cited by: 285
References: 98
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 6.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: American Journal of Physical Anthropology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Universitas Gadjah Mada
Topics: Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
Keywords: brain size, encephalization, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Middle Pleistocene hominins, brain volume, encephalization quotient, skull morphology, Sima de los Huesos, Bodo, Broken Hill, Dali, human evolution
MeSH terms: Animals, Brain, Biological Evolution, Fossils, Humans, Skull, Hominidae

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Brain size and encephalization in early to Mid‐Pleistocene Homo

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