Patterns of paternity and group fission in wild multimale mountain gorilla groups.
Abstract
To understand variation among social systems, it is essential to know the relative reproductive success of individuals in group-living species. Particularly interesting for such studies are taxa such as mountain gorillas in which both one-male and multimale groups are common, because of the opportunity to estimate the costs and benefits to males of pursuing different reproductive strategies. We genotyped 68 individuals from two groups of multimale mountain gorilla groups in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda to determine the distribution of paternity among the males. In both groups, the dominant male sired the majority of offspring. One group underwent a fission, and we found that the eight offspring assigned to the dominant silverback (and their mothers) remained with their father, while the two offspring of unknown paternity ended up in the small group headed by the formerly subordinate silverback. This is consistent with the proposal that the outcome of group fission in primates is not only influenced by maternal relationships among individuals, but also by patrilineal relationships. Results of this study show that subordinate males may gain reproductive benefits even while queuing for dominance status. Despite ecological differences between Bwindi and the Virunga Volcanoes, male mountain gorillas living in both populations benefit from remaining in multimale groups.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The typical primate dominance system (alpha male achieving position by defeating lower-ranking males, dominating females, higher fitness) is found in chimpanzees, gorillas, savanna baboons, and most other primates living in multi-female, multi-male groups.
“This system is found in chimpanzees (Wroblewski et al., 2009), gorillas (Gorilla spp.) (Nsubuga et al., 2008; Breuer et al., 2012), savanna baboons (Papio spp.) (Alberts et al., 2006; Baniel et al., 2017), and most other primates living in multi-female, multi-male groups.”
From Hypotheses for the Evolution of Reduced Reactive Aggression in the Context of Human Self-Domestication (2019) · cites this paper as Nsubuga et al., 2008
Cites
GENEPOP (version 1.2): population genetic software for exact tests and ecumenicism
Raymond, M., & Rousset, F. (1995) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111573 · Cited by 16,187 · see citing works
Ecology, Sexual Selection, and the Evolution of Mating Systems
Emlen, S. T., & Oring, L. W. (1977) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.327542 · Cited by 6,230 · see citing works
Statistical confidence for likelihood‐based paternity inference in natural populations
MARSHALL, T. C., Slate, J., Kruuk, L. E. B., & Pemberton, J. M. (1998) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00374.x · Cited by 4,231 · see citing works
Eberhard, W. G. (1996) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691207209 · Cited by 2,783 · see citing works
Reliable genotyping of samples with very low DNA quantities using PCR
Taberlet, P. (1996) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/24.16.3189 · Cited by 1,491 · see citing works
Extra pair paternity in birds: a review of interspecific variation and adaptive function
Griffith, S. C., Owens, I. P. F., & Thuman, K. A. (2002) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01613.x · Cited by 1,426 · see citing works
Review Lecture: Mammalian mating systems
Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1989) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1989.0027 · Cited by 1,413 · see citing works
The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates
Sterck, E. H. M., Watts, D. P., & van Schaik, C. P. (1997) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s002650050390 · Cited by 1,261 · see citing works
Noninvasive genetic sampling: look before you leap
Taberlet, P., Waits, L. P., & Luikart, G. (1999) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(99)01637-7 · Cited by 1,081 · see citing works
The evolution of mate choice and mating biases
Kokko, H., Brooks, R. C., Jennions, M. D., & Morley, J. I. (2003) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2235 · Cited by 933 · see citing works
Mutation Rate in Human Microsatellites: Influence of the Structure and Length of the Tandem Repeat
Brinkmann, B., Klintschar, M., Neuhuber, F., Hühne, J., & Rolf, B. (1998) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/301869 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
Evolution of Primate Social Systems
Kappeler, P. M., & van Schaik, C. P. (2002) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1023/a:1015520830318 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
Methods of parentage analysis in natural populations
Jones, A. G., & Ardren, W. R. (2003) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01928.x · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Microsatellite analysis of genetic variation in black bear populations
Paetkau, D., & Strobeck, C. (1994) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.1994.tb00127.x · Cited by 658 · see citing works
Female control: sexual selection by cryptic female choice
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-2144 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Morin, P. A., Chambers, K. E., Boesch, C., & Vigilant, L. (2001) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01308.x · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Self-citationThe limited impact of kinship on cooperation in wild chimpanzees
Langergraber, K. E., Mitani, J. C., & Vigilant, L. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0611449104 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Self-citationSilk, J. B., Jeanne Altmann, A., & Alberts, S. C. (2006) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0249-2 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Nsubuga, A. M., Robbins, M. M., Roeder, A. D., Morin, P. A., Boesch, C., & Vigilant, L. (2004) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02207.x · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Self-citationNoninvasive paternity assignment in Gombe chimpanzees
Constable, J. L., Ashley, M. V., Goodall, J. R., & Pusey, A. E. (2001) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01262.x · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Archie, E. A., Moss, C. J., & Alberts, S. C. (2005) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3361 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
True paternal care in a multi-male primate society
Buchan, J. C., Alberts, S. C., Silk, J. B., & Jeanne Altmann, A. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01866 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Infanticide risk and the evolution of male–female association in primates
van Schaik, C. P., & Kappeler, P. M. (1997) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1997.0234 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Balancing Costs and Opportunities: Dispersal in Male Baboons
Alberts, S. C., & Altmann, J. (1995) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/285740 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Paternity and relatedness in wild chimpanzee communities
Vigilant, L., Hofreiter, M., Siedel, H., & Boesch, C. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.231320498 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Self-citationAlberts, S. C., Watts, H. E., & Jeanne Altmann, A. (2003) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.2003.2106 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
CRYPTIC FEMALE CHOICE: CRITERIA FOR ESTABLISHING FEMALE SPERM CHOICE
Birkhead, T. R. (1998) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb01848.x · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Female transfer and inbreeding avoidance in social mammals
Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/337070a0 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Silk, J. B., Alberts, S. C., & Altmann, J. (2006) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0250-9 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Male competition and paternity in wild chimpanzees of the Taï forest
Boesch, C., Kohou, G. N., Néné, H., & Vigilant, L. (2005) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.20341 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Self-citationInfanticide in Mountain Gorillas: New Cases and a Reconsideration of the Evidence
Watts, D. P. (1989) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1989.tb00754.x · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Sexual selection in wild baboons: from mating opportunities to paternity success.
Alberts, S. C., Buchan, J. C., & Altmann, J. (2006) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.05.001 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Widdig, A., Nürnberg, P., Krawczak, M., Streich, W. J., & Bercovitch, F. B. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.241210198 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Chakraborty, R., Meagher, T. R., & Smouse, P. E. (1988) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/118.3.527 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Human sperm competition: ejaculate manipulation by females and a function for the female orgasm
Baker, R. R., & Bellis, M. A. (1993) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.1993.1272 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Parnell, R. J. (2002) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.1074 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
The number of males in primate social groups: a comparative test of the socioecological model
Nunn, C. L. (1999) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s002650050586 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Gorilla biology: a multidisciplinary perspective
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-5810 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
To what extent does living in a group mean living with kin?
Lukas, D., Reynolds, V., Boesch, C., & Vigilant, L. (2005) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02560.x · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citationStrategies of Emigration and Transfer by Primates, with Particular Reference to Gorillas
Harcourt, A. H. (1978) · Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb00267.x · Cited by 212 · see citing works
A longitudinal analysis of reproductive skew in male rhesus macaques
Widdig, A., Bercovitch, F. B., Streich, W. J., Sauermann, U., Nürnberg, P., & Krawczak, M. (2004) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2666 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Stokes, E. J., Parnell, R. J., & Olejniczak, C. (2003) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-003-0630-3 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Mountain gorilla tug-of-war: Silverbacks have limited control over reproduction in multimale groups
Bradley, B. J., Robbins, M. M., Williamson, E. A., et al. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0502019102 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationA Demographic Analysis of Male Life History and Social Structure of Mountain Gorillas
Robbins, M. M. (1995) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853995x00261 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial structure and life‐history patterns in western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)
Robbins, M. M., Bermejo, M., Cipolletta, C., Magliocca, F., Parnell, R. J., & Stokes, E. J. (2004) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.20069 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationExtra-pair paternity in the monogamous Alpine marmot revealed by nuclear DNA microsatellite analysis
Goossens, B., Graziani, L., Waits, L. P., Farand, E., Magnolon, S., Coulon, J., Bel‐Venner, M., Taberlet, P., & Allainé, D. (1998) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s002650050492 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Piggott, M. P. (2004) · Wildlife Research · doi:10.1071/wr03096 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Dispersed Male Networks in Western Gorillas
Bradley, B. J., Doran‐Sheehy, D. M., Lukas, D., Boesch, C., & Vigilant, L. (2004) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.02.062 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citationReproductive skew among males in a female-dominated mammalian society
Engh, A. L. (2002) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/13.2.193 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Adaptive explanation in socio-ecology: lessons from the Equidae
Linklater, W. L. (2000) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1017/s0006323199005411 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Paternal kin discrimination in wild baboons
Alberts, S. C. (1999) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0807 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Ganas, J., & Robbins, M. M. (2005) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-005-0920-z · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationGoossens, B., Chikhi, L., Utami-Atmoko, S. S., de Ruiter, J. R., & Bruford, M. W. (2000) · Conservation Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1026535006318 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Molecular genetic approaches to the study of primate behavior, social organization, and reproduction
Fiore, A. D. (2003) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.10382 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Jones, A. G. (2001) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/jhered/92.2.150 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Mountain gorilla reproduction and sexual behavior
Watts, D. P. (1991) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.1350240307 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Genetic evidence for sex‐biased dispersal in resident bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops aduncus )
Möller, L. M., & Beheregaray, L. B. (2004) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02137.x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Reliable Noninvasive Genotyping: Fantasy or Reality?
Fernando, P. (2003) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/jhered/esg022 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Mate guarding and paternity in mandrills: factors influencing alpha male monopoly
Setchell, J. M., Charpentier, M. J. E., & Wickings, E. J. (2005) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.02.021 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Mating system and reproductive skew in the black rhinoceros
Garnier, J. N., Bruford, M. W., & Goossens, B. (2001) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01338.x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Wild female baboons bias their social behaviour towards paternal half-sisters
Smith, K., Alberts, S. C., & Jeanne Altmann, A. (2003) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2277 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
van Noordwijk, M. A., & van Schaik, C. P. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511542459.014 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Stumpf, R. M., & Boesch, C. (2004) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-004-0868-4 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationKalpers, J., Williamson, E. A., Robbins, M. M., et al. (2003) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605303000589 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh rates of extra-pair young in the pair-living fat-tailed dwarf lemur, Cheirogaleus medius
Fietz, J., Zischler, H., Schwiegk, C., Tomiuk, J., Dausmann, K. H., & Ganzhorn, J. U. (2000) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s002650000269 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The efficacy of female choice in chimpanzees of the Taï Forest, Côte d’Ivoire
Stumpf, R. M., & Boesch, C. (2006) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0219-8 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary Variability of Mountain Gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda
Ganas, J., Robbins, M. M., Nkurunungi, J. B., et al. (2004) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1023/b:ijop.0000043351.20129.44 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationKin biased investment in wild chimpanzees
Boesch, C., Lehmann, J., & Kopp, G. H. (2006) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853906778623635 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationSexual Selection and Mate Choice
Paul, A. (2002) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1023/a:1015533100275 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Engelhardt, A., Heistermann, M., Hodges, J. K., Nürnberg, P., & Niemitz, C. (2006) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-005-0104-x · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Male mating patterns in wild multimale mountain gorilla groups
Robbins, M. M. (1999) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.1998.1063 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationKin discrimination in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta): nepotism among siblings
Wahaj, S. A., HORN, R. C. V., Horn, T. V., et al. (2004) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-004-0783-8 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Gatti, S., Levréro, F., Ménard, N., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.20045 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Have premeiotic clusters of mutation been overlooked in evolutionary theory?
Woodruff, R. C., & Thompson, J. N. (1992) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.1992.5030457.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Gibbs, H. L., Tabak, L. M., & Hobson, K. A. (1999) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00673.x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Bradley, B. J., Boesch, C., & Vigilant, L. (2000) · Conservation Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1011514007741 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationFather–daughter inbreeding avoidance in a wild primate population
Muniz, L., Perry, S., Manson, J. H., et al. (2006) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.055 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Melnick, D. J., & Kídd, K. K. (1983) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00290775 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Experimentally observed germline mutations at human micro- and minisatellite loci
Sajantila, A., Lukka, M., & Syvänen, A. (1999) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200257 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Variation in the social system of mountain gorillas: the male perspective
Robbins, M. M. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511661631.003 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationPaternal kin bias in the agonistic interventions of adult female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Widdig, A., Streich, W. J., Nürnberg, P., et al. (2006) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0251-8 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Fitness consequences of dispersal decisions for male mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei)
Robbins, A. M., & Robbins, M. M. (2005) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-005-0917-7 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationClustered Microsatellite Mutations in the Pipefish Syngnathus typhle
Jones, A. G., Rosenqvist, G., Berglund, A., & Avise, J. C. (1999) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/152.3.1057 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
McNeilage, A., Robbins, M. M., Gray, M., et al. (2006) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605306001311 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationGorillas: Diversity in ecology and behavior
Robbins, M. M. (2010) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationWimmer, B., & Kappeler, P. M. (2002) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.2002.4003 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Dynamics of fission in a wild Barbary macaque group (Macaca sylvanus)
Ménard, N., & Vallet, D. (1993) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/bf02192778 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Roon, D. A., Waits, L. P., & Kendall, K. C. (2005) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1017/s1367943005001976 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Females drive primate social evolution
Lindenfors, P., Fröberg, L., & Nunn, C. L. (2004) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0114 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Davies, N., & Hartley, I. R. (1996) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.2307/5681 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Campbell, P., SCHNEIDER, C. J., Adnan, A. M., et al. (2005) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02769.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Bradley, B. J., & Vigilant, L. (2002) · Molecular Ecology Notes · doi:10.1046/j.1471-8286.2002.00302.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationConsequences of group fission for the patterns of relatedness among rhesus macaques
Widdig, A., Nürnberg, P., Bercovitch, F. B., et al. (2006) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03039.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Lefebvre, D., Ménard, N., & Pierre, J. (2003) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-002-0578-8 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Behavioral and cortisol responses to repeated capture and venipuncture in Cebus apella
Dettmer, E. L., Phillips, K. A., Rager, D. R., Bernstein, I. S., & Fragaszy, D. M. (1996) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1996)38:4 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Rajpurohit, L. S., Sommer, V., & Mohnot, S. M. (1995) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853995x00739 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Mackiewicz, M., Fletcher, D. E., Wilkins, S. D., et al. (2002) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01577.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Adaptive explanation in socio‐ecology: lessons from the Equidae
Linklater, W. L. (2000) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1999.tb00039.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Ibarguchi, G. (2004) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/jhered/esh029 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
(2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511661631 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Patrilineal Kinship and Primate Behavior
Strier, K. B. (2004) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195148893.003.0008 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Clifford, S. L., Jeffrey, K., Bruford, M. W., et al. (1999) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.07184.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wrangham, R. W. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01914 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nsubuga, A. M., Robbins, M. M., Boesch, C., & Vigilant, L.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Venue
- American Journal of Physical Anthropology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-11-13
- Volume
- 135
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 263-274
- ISSN
- 0002-9483 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-8644
- OpenAlex
- W2009054541
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 6.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physical Anthropology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Keywords
- mountain gorillas, Gorilla beringei beringei, multimale groups, paternity, group fission, reproductive success, silverback, maternal relationships, social systems, Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, reproductive strategies
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Wild, Female, Geography, Gorilla gorilla, Male, Paternity, Social Dominance, Uganda, DNA Fingerprinting
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
