The limited impact of kinship on cooperation in wild chimpanzees
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The complex cooperative behavior exhibited by wild chimpanzees generates considerable theoretical and empirical interest, yet we know very little about the mechanisms responsible for its evolution. Here, we investigate the influence of kinship on the cooperative behavior of male chimpanzees living in an unusually large community at Ngogo in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Using long-term field observations and molecular genetic techniques to identify kin relations between individuals, we show that male chimpanzees clearly prefer to affiliate and cooperate with their maternal brothers in several behavioral contexts. Despite these results, additional analyses reveal that the impact of kinship is limited; paternal brothers do not selectively affiliate and cooperate, probably because they cannot be reliably recognized, and the majority of highly affiliative and cooperative dyads are actually unrelated or distantly related. These findings add to a growing body of research that indicates that animals cooperate with each other to obtain both direct and indirect fitness benefits and that complex cooperation can occur between kin and nonkin alike.
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Food sharing between unrelated individuals outside the mating context is rare but has been reported for humans, vampire bats, chimpanzees and bonobos.
“Food sharing between unrelated individuals outside the mating context is rare but has been reported for humans, vampire bats, chimpanzees and bonobos [13,46,48,49,52].”
From Food sharing is linked to urinary oxytocin levels and bonding in related and unrelated wild chimpanzees (2014) · cites this paper as [13]
Food sharing in chimpanzees occurs between kin, in sexual contexts, and also between non-kin adults in non-sexual contexts, which is unusual in the animal kingdom.
“What makes food sharing in chimpanzees unusual in the animal kingdom is that, as well as occurring between kin [52] and in sexual contexts [50], food sharing also occurs between non-kin adults in non-sexual contexts [13,15,52,53].”
From Food sharing is linked to urinary oxytocin levels and bonding in related and unrelated wild chimpanzees (2014) · cites this paper as [13]
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Social integration influences fitness in allied male dolphins
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- Authors
- Langergraber, K. E., Mitani, J. C., & Vigilant, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2007-05-08
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 7786-7790
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC1876525
- OpenAlex
- W2102487116
- Cited by
- 464
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 29.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
- Keywords
- kinship, cooperation, chimpanzees, indirect fitness benefits, social evolution, dyadic cooperation, relatedness
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Pan troglodytes, Cooperative Behavior, Biological Evolution, Male, Siblings
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