Stature estimation in Ancient Egyptians: a new technique based on anatomical reconstruction of stature
Abstract
Trotter and Gleser's (Trotter and Gleser: Am J Phys Anthropol 10 (1952) 469-514; Trotter and Gleser: Am J Phys Anthropol 16 (1958) 79-123) long bone formulae for US Blacks or derivations thereof (Robins and Shute: Hum Evol 1 (1986) 313-324) have been previously used to estimate the stature of ancient Egyptians. However, limb length to stature proportions differ between human populations; consequently, the most accurate mathematical stature estimates will be obtained when the population being examined is as similar as possible in proportions to the population used to create the equations. The purpose of this study was to create new stature regression formulae based on direct reconstructions of stature in ancient Egyptians and assess their accuracy in comparison to other stature estimation methods. We also compare Egyptian body proportions to those of modern American Blacks and Whites. Living stature estimates were derived using a revised Fully anatomical method (Raxter et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 130 (2006) 374-384). Long bone stature regression equations were then derived for each sex. Our results confirm that, although ancient Egyptians are closer in body proportion to modern American Blacks than they are to American Whites, proportions in Blacks and Egyptians are not identical. The newly generated Egyptian-based stature regression formulae have standard errors of estimate of 1.9-4.2 cm. All mean directional differences are less than 0.4% compared to anatomically estimated stature, while results using previous formulae are more variable, with mean directional biases varying between 0.2% and 1.1%, tibial and radial estimates being the most biased. There is no evidence for significant variation in proportions among temporal or social groupings; thus, the new formulae may be broadly applicable to ancient Egyptian remains.
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The CT assessment of preservation status, age at death, and pathologies followed protocols published before.
“We analyzed the CT images of the mummy to assess the preservation status, age at death, and pathologies according to protocols published before (12–16).”
From Digital Unwrapping of the Mummy of King Amenhotep I (1525–1504 BC) Using CT (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
The stature of Amenhotep I calculated using the Raxter et al. regression equation for ancient male Egyptians is 168.47 cm ± 3.002.
“calculated the stature using the Raxter et al. regression equation for ancient male Egyptians: (Stature = 2.554 × 38.9 + 69.12 = 168.47 cm ± 3.002)”
From Digital Unwrapping of the Mummy of King Amenhotep I (1525–1504 BC) Using CT (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
The Raxter et al. regression equation for ancient male Egyptians is Stature = 2.554 × 38.9 + 69.12 = 168.47 cm ± 3.002.
“Raxter et al. regression equation for ancient male Egyptians: (Stature = 2.554 × 38.9 + 69.12 = 168.47 cm ± 3.002)”
From Digital Unwrapping of the Mummy of King Amenhotep I (1525–1504 BC) Using CT (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
By using a regression equation for the stature of ancient male Egyptians, the height of Amenhotep I is 168.5 cm ± 3 cm.
“By using a regression equation for the stature of ancient male Egyptians (16), the height of Amenhotep I is 168.5 cm ± 3 cm.”
From Digital Unwrapping of the Mummy of King Amenhotep I (1525–1504 BC) Using CT (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
The stature of Seqenenre was estimated to be about 167 cm ± 3 cm.
“We thus estimated the stature of Seqenenre to be about 167 cm ± 3 cm (16).”
From Computed Tomography Study of the Mummy of King Seqenenre Taa II: New Insights Into His Violent Death (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
In this CT study, Seqenenre's stature was extrapolated from tibial length using a regression equation for ancient male Egyptians to be 167 ± 3 cm.
“In this CT study, we measured the tibial length and extrapolated the stature of Seqenenre using a regression equation derived for data for ancient male Egyptians to be 167 ± 3cm (16).”
From Computed Tomography Study of the Mummy of King Seqenenre Taa II: New Insights Into His Violent Death (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
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“We thus estimated the stature of Seqenenre to be about 167 cm ± 3 cm (16).”
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CT Scan of Nesmin from Akhmim: New Data on the Belgrade Mummy
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“[68] ------3,05 Mathematical approach to calculating height from radius length in Bengali men.”
BackgroundKom el-Dikka 2014: human bones from Area U
Okularczyk, U., & Mahler, R. (2017) · doi:10.5604/01.3001.0010.1748 · Cited by 1
“In case of the sample under study, reconstruction of stature based on linear regression by Raxter et al. (2008) was possible for 13 individuals only [see Table 4].”
MethodInfluentialShepespuptah Idu According to Evidence from his Rock-Cut Tomb at Abusir South
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“Many studies have been conducted on the estimation of stature from various body parts like hands, trunk, intact vertebral column, upper and lower limbs, individual short and long bones, foot and footprints (Raxter et al., 2008).”
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“All stature estimations utilized regression equations specifically developed for ancient Egyptian populations to ensure population-appropriate accuracy (Raxter et al., 2008).”
ІSSUES OF HUMAN STATURE ESTIMATION IN PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
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Instance based learning approaches for predicting the height of human skeletons
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Funerary practices from columnata necropolis. Presentation of the last three burials excavated
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- Authors
- Raxter, M. H., Ruff, C. B., Azab, A., Erfan, M., Soliman, M., & El‐Sawaf, A.
- Affiliations
- University of South Florida (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- National Research Centre (EG)
- Corresponding author
- Raxter, Michelle H.
- ORCID
- Ruff, Christopher B.
- Venue
- American Journal of Physical Anthropology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-02-06
- Volume
- 136
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 147-155
- ISSN
- 0002-9483 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-8644
- OpenAlex
- W2054452828
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 55.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physical Anthropology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Paleopathology and ancient diseases
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Ancient Egypt and Archaeology
- Keywords
- stature estimation, Ancient Egyptian
- MeSH terms
- Anthropology, Physical, Anthropometry, Body Height, Bone and Bones, Egypt, Female, Humans, Male, Museums, Regression Analysis, Skeleton, Black People, White People, Body Size
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