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Cited by 13Paleopathology and ancient diseasesAncient Egypt and ArchaeologyForensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies

Digital Unwrapping of the Mummy of King Amenhotep I (1525–1504 BC) Using CT

Open access
Saleem, Sahar N., Hawass, Zahi·2021·Frontiers in Medicine
DOI 10.3389/fmed.2021.778498PMC PMC8748262
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Abstract

The mummy of King Amenhotep I (18th Dynasty c.1525–1504 BC) was reburied by the 21st Dynasty priests at Deir el-Bahari Royal Cache. In 1881 the mummy was found fully wrapped and was one of few royal mummies that have not been unwrapped in modern times. We hypothesized that non-invasive digital unwrapping using CT would provide insights on the physical appearance, health, cause of death, and mummification style of the mummy of King Amenhotep I. We examined the mummy with CT and generated two- and three-dimensional images for the head mask, bandages, and the virtually unwrapped mummy. CT enabled the visualization of the face of Amenhotep I who died around the age of 35 years. The teeth had minimal attrition. There was no CT evidence of pathological changes or cause of death. The body has been eviscerated via a vertical left flank incision. The heart is seen in the left hemithorax with an overlying amulet. The brain has not been removed. The mummy has 30 amulets/jewelry pieces including a beaded metallic (likely gold) girdle. The mummy suffered from multiple postmortem injuries likely inflicted by tomb robbers that have been likely treated by 21st Dynasty embalmers. These included fixing the detached head and neck to the body with a resin-treated linen band; covering a defect in the anterior abdominal wall with a band and placing two amulets beneath; placement of the detached left upper limb beside the body and wrapping it to the body. The transversely oriented right forearm is individually wrapped, likely representing the original 18th Dynasty mummification and considered the first known New Kingdom mummy with crossed arms at the chest. The head mask is made of cartonnage and has inlaid stone eyes. The digital unwrapping of the mummy of Amenhotep I using CT sets a unique opportunity to reveal the physical features of the King non-invasively, understand the mummification style early in the 18th Dynasty, and the reburial intervention style by 21st Dynasty embalmers. This study may make us gain confidence in the goodwill of the reburial project of the Royal mummies by the 21st dynasty priests.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

CT-based digital unwrapping of the still-wrapped mummy of Amenhotep I allowed non-invasive visualization of his face, age at death (~35 years), mummification style, 30 amulets/jewelry, and postmortem damage/repairs. It found no CT evidence of disease or cause of death and documented 21st Dynasty reburial interventions.

Key findings

  • The digitally unwrapped face showed an oval face, narrow chin, small flattened nose, mildly protruding upper teeth, sunken eyes, collapsed cheeks, a pierced left earlobe, and coiled hair locks. Age at death was estimated at 35 years from epiphyseal closure and pubic symphysis stage 4 (35.2 ± 9.4 years); teeth had minimal attrition, with a complete set including third molars, and no CT evidence of pathological changes or cause of death.
  • Mummification features included no brain removal, evisceration via a vertical left flank incision (90 × 58 × 51 mm), heart preserved in the left hemithorax with an overlying amulet, body cavity stuffed with linen and resin-treated packs, no orbital or subcutaneous packing, and individual wrapping of the right upper limb and left lower limb. The right forearm crossed the body at a right angle, likely making Amenhotep I the first known New Kingdom mummy with crossed arms at the chest.
  • CT identified 30 amulets/jewelry pieces: 7 in the right upper limb, 10 in the left lower limb, and 13 related to the torso. Materials included 11 metal pieces (likely gold), 13 quartz/faience, 5 fired clay, and 1 stone; a beaded metallic girdle of 34 gold beads was found at the back of the pelvic region.
  • Postmortem injuries included cervical fractures/decapitation, a 120 × 180 mm anterior abdominal wall defect, and disarticulation of the left upper limb, right hand, and right foot. 21st Dynasty repairs included a resin-treated linen band fixing the detached head/neck, a resin-treated band covering the abdominal defect with two amulets beneath, the detached left upper limb wrapped alongside the body, the right foot placed on a wood board with six metal nails, and six pins along the left arm.

Methods

  • Non-invasive CT study of the wrapped mummy of Amenhotep I at the Cairo Egyptian Museum (catalog JE 26211(b) CG 61058 SR 1/10194), scanned on May 4, 2019 with a Somatom Emotion 6 multi-detector CT scanner installed on a truck.
  • CT parameters: kVp = 130; effective mAs 23–63; pitch 0.83–1.8; FOV 350–500; slice thickness 0.6–1.25 mm; reconstruction 0.4–0.8 mm. Axial images were created, and OsiriX generated a 3D dataset; digital unwrapping used virtual peeling/scalpel tools and window-level changes.
  • Analysis recorded foreign objects/amulets with location and metric measurements, measured CT density in Hounsfield units to infer material (metal >2,978 HU; quartz/faience 1,693–2,317 HU; stones about 2,900–2,500 HU; fired clay 1,116 HU SD 54.7), assessed preservation, age, and pathologies per published protocols, and correlated findings with archaeological and prior radiological data.

Limitations

  • Stated: MRI has limited value for dry mummified remains; future dual-energy CT may help identify and characterize embalming materials and reduce metal artifacts from gold amulets/jewelry.
  • Stated: multiple body fractures may affect direct CT height measurement, so stature was estimated from tibial length using the Raxter et al. equation (168.47 cm ± 3.002).
  • Evident: this is a single-mummy case, and material identifications rely on HU thresholds; no cause of death was detectable in the CT images.

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fmed.2021.778498

Cites

23 of 23 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

1 of 68 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    A CT scan can study a mummy cartonnage.

    “A CT scan can study a mummy cartonnage (25).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [25] Hughes, 1996, Three-dimensional reconstruction of an ancient Egyptian mummy
  • Findingown data

    There is no evidence of orbital packing.

    “There is no evidence of orbital packing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.
  • Findingown data

    There is no evidence of viscera inside the body cavity.

    “There is no evidence of viscera inside the body cavity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.
  • Findingown data

    A total of 30 amulets/jewelry pieces were found in the wrapped mummy of Amenhotep I.

    “A total number of 30 amulets/jewelry pieces are found in the wrapped mummy of Amenhotep I.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
  • Findingown data

    The mummy of Amenhotep I has 30 amulets/jewelry pieces.

    “The mummy has 30 amulets/jewelry pieces including a beaded metallic (likely gold) girdle.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 53
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 65

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The fractured medial lower part of the left pubic bone has a sharp fracture edge with no evidence of bone healing.

    “The fractured medial lower part of the left pubic bone; the fracture edge is sharp with no evidence of bone healing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Few coiled hair locks are seen at the back and sides of the head of the mummy.

    “Few coiled hair locks are seen at the back and sides of the head”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The right forearm is flexed at the elbow and crosses the lower abdomen transversely.

    “The right forearm is flexed at the elbow and crosses the lower abdomen transversely”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The black eye pupil of the mummy is made of obsidian crystals.

    “The black eye pupil is made of obsidian crystals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Disarticulated bones of the right foot are present.

    “Disarticulated bones of the right foot”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    An intact cribriform plate and the preserved desiccated brain rests at the back of the skull.

    “an intact cribriform plate and the preserved desiccated brain rests at the back of the skull”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A complete fracture at the C7-T1 level is present with dislocation and rotation of the three lower cervical vertebrae (C5, C6, and C7).

    “A complete fracture at the C7-T1 level is noted with dislocation and rotation of the three lower cervical vertebrae (C5, C6, and C7).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    On the forehead of the mummy is a separately carved painted cobra with inlaid stones.

    “On the forehead is a separately carved painted cobra with inlaid stones.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The ears of the mummy are small, and a small piercing is noted in the lobule of the left ear.

    “The ears are small; a small piercing is noted in the lobule of the left ear.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The heart is seen in the left hemithorax with an overlying amulet.

    “The heart is seen in the left hemithorax with an overlying amulet.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The head mask of the mummy of Amenhotep I has inlaid stone eyes.

    “The head mask is made of cartonnage and has inlaid stone eyes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The right hand is displaced anterior to the transversely oriented forearm.

    “The right hand is displaced anterior to the transversely oriented forearm.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The left upper limb is dislocated from the shoulder and elbow and lies beside the body with the hand broken off.

    “The left upper limb is dislocated from the shoulder and elbow and lies beside the body with the hand broken off.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The upper teeth of the mummy are mildly protruding.

    “The upper teeth are mildly protruding.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The mummy of Amenhotep I is wrapped in linen and covered from head to feet in floral garlands of red, yellow, and blue color.

    “The mummy of Amenhotep I is wrapped in linen and covered from head to feet in floral garlands of red, yellow, and blue color.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Amenhotep I died around the age of 35 years.

    “CT enabled the visualization of the face of Amenhotep I who died around the age of 35 years.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The contour of the eyes and eyebrows of the mummy is painted black.

    “The contour of the eyes and eyebrows are painted black.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    All the sets of teeth are available, with minimal attrition and without evidence of caries or remarkable periodontal disease.

    “All the sets of teeth are available; there is minimal attrition without evidence of caries or remarkable periodontal disease.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The desiccated tongue is seen at the back of the mouth.

    “The desiccated tongue is seen at the back of the mouth”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The nose of the mummy is small, narrow, and flattened.

    “The nose is small, narrow, and flattened.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Traces of resin are noted on the desiccated eye globes.

    “Traces of resin are noted on the desiccated eye globes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT density values (HU) can distinguish linen, resin, and other materials.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    An amulet is seen beneath the linen band.

    “An amulet is seen beneath the linen band (short black arrow).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The circumcised penis was independently wrapped.

    “The circumcised penis has been independently wrapped.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The skull base is intact without evidence of an attempt to remove the brain.

    “The skull base is intact without evidence of an attempt to remove the brain”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Digital unwrapping of the mummy by peeling off virtual layers exposed the exterior and interior of the mummy and allowed detailed study.

    “The digital unwrapping of the mummy by peeling off virtual layers exposed the exterior and interior of the mummy and allowed us to study it in detail”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The right forearm is individually wrapped.

    “The right forearm is individually wrapped (white curved arrow).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The chin of the mummy is narrow.

    “The chin is narrow.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The penis shows evidence of circumcision.

    “The penis shows evidence of circumcision.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The head of the mummy is covered with a mask made of painted wood and cartonnage.

    “The head is covered with a mask made out of painted wood and cartonnage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The disarticulated right foot was bandaged to an underlying wood board and with the left foot.

    “The disarticulated right foot has not been individually wrapped; it was bandaged to an underlying wood board and with the left foot.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The fingers were wrapped with the rest of the right hand and were not individually bandaged.

    “the fingers and toes are wrapped with the rest of the right hand and left foot, and not being individually bandaged”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The toes were wrapped with the rest of the left foot and were not individually bandaged.

    “the fingers and toes are wrapped with the rest of the right hand and left foot, and not being individually bandaged”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Only three flexed fingers are available in the left hand, and the carpal bones are missing.

    “Only three flexed fingers are available in the left hand and the carpal bones are missing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The disarticulated right hand is placed in front of the transversely oriented right forearm.

    “The disarticulated right hand is placed in front of the transversely oriented right forearm.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The face of the mummy is painted pale yellow.

    “The face is painted pale yellow.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The mummy has an oval face with sunken eyes and collapsed cheeks.

    “The mummy of Amenhotep I has an oval face with sunken eyes and collapsed cheeks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The thickness of the wrapping is more in the front than in the back of the body.

    “The thickness of the wrapping is more in the front (short white arrow) than in the back of the body.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The disarticulated bones of the right foot are placed on a wood board.

    “The disarticulated bones of the right foot are placed on a wood board.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The right hand is dislocated at the wrist, and no bones are missing.

    “The right hand is dislocated at the wrist; no bones are missing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The right forearm of the mummy of Amenhotep I is transversely oriented and individually wrapped.

    “The transversely oriented right forearm is individually wrapped, likely representing the original 18th Dynasty mummification and considered the first known New Kingdom mummy with crossed arms at the chest.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The shrunken brain occupies the posterior aspect of the skull cavity without evidence of any embalming materials.

    “The shrunken brain occupies the posterior aspect of the skull cavity without evidence of any embalming materials”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.
    • Rests on an assumption: CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The maximum length of the amulets found in mummy Amenhotep I varied between 45 and 5 mm.

    “The maximum length of the amulets found in mummy Amenhotep I varied between 45 and 5 mm.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The cobra measures 84 × 32 × 16 mm in length, width, and depth, respectively.

    “it measures 84 × 32 × 16 mm in length, width, and depth, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Six metal nails (9-10 mm long) are inserted in the wood board.

    “Six metal nails (9–10 mm long) are seen inserted in the wood board (four nailed in the front, and two in the back) likely to fix the position of the wood plaque to the surrounding wrappings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The repairs (linen bands, pins, wood board) were made during reburial rather than at original mummification.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The CT study of the mummy of King Amenhotep I shows no pathological changes or a detectable cause of his death.

    “The CT study of the mummy of King Amenhotep I shows no pathological changes or a detectable cause of his death.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The facial features of the mask of Amenhotep I have been given a life-like appearance by using eyes inlaid with stones.

    “The facial features of the mask of Amenhotep I have given a life-like appearance by using eyes inlaid with stones.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The CT images show that the body cavity of Amenhotep I, similar to other royal mummies of the New Kingdom, is filled with materials with different CT densities representing linen fibers, and linen packs treated with resin.

    “The CT images show that the body cavity of Amenhotep I, similar to other royal mummies of the New Kingdom, is filled with materials with different CT densities representing linen fibers, and linen packs treated with resin (12).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Hawass, 2016, Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A piece of cartonnage covers the head and neck of the wrapped mummy circumferentially and extends in a tripartite wig configuration till the mid-chest level in the front and back.

    “A piece of cartonnage covers the head and neck of the wrapped mummy circumferentially and extends in a tripartite wig configuration till the mid-chest level in the front and back.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Multiplanar and 3D reconstruction of CT images of the wrapped mummy of Amenhotep I show the precise location, measurement, and identification of 30 amulets and jewelry: seven in the bandages of the right upper limb, 10 within the bandages of the left lower limb, and 13 related to the torso.

    “The multiplanar and 3D reconstruction of the CT images of the wrapped mummy of Amenhotep I show the precise location, measurement, and identification of 30 amulets and jewelry: seven amulets in the bandages of the right upper limb, 10 amulets within the bandages of the left lower limb, and 13 amulets/jewelry related to the torso.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The cartonnage maximum length is 399 mm at the back.

    “The maximum dimensions of the cartonnage: in length is 444 mm in front and 399 at the back; in width is 320 mm; 225 mm in depth.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    The embalmers covered the mummy with garlands of red, yellow, and blue flowers recognized as Delphinium orientale, Sesbania egyptiaca, Acacia nilotica, and Carmanthus tinctorius.

    “The embalmers covered the mummy with garlands of red, yellow, and blue flowers recognized as Delphinium orientale, Sesbania egyptiaca, Acacia nilotica, and Carmanthus tinctorius (8).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Smith, 1912

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The layers of the cartonnage have different CT densities based on their material; the linen/papyrus layer has a lower CT density than the plaster (gesso) layers on both inner and outer surfaces.

    “The layers of the cartonnage have different CT densities based on their material; the linen/papyrus layer has a lower CT density than that of the plaster (gesso) layers on both the inner and outer surfaces.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The black eye pupil is discoid in shape and made of obsidian, a naturally occurring glass; the eye white is formed with two separate pieces made from a denser material (likely quartz) placed on both sides of each pupil.

    “The black eye pupil is discoid in shape made of Obsidian, a naturally occurring glass; while the eye white is formed with two separate pieces made from a denser material (likely quartz) and are placed on both sides of each pupil.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The CT images show that the right upper limb and the left lower limb are individually wrapped and have amulets on the surface of the limb or in between the layers of the bandages.

    “The CT images show that the right upper limb and the left lower limb are individually wrapped and have amulets on the surface of the limb or in between the layers of the bandages.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The detached left upper limb and the disarticulated right foot have no individual bandages or related amulets and have been wrapped with the body and/or the contralateral limb.

    “While the detached left upper limb and the disarticulated right foot have no individual bandages or related amulets and have been wrapped with the body and/or the contralateral limb.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The cartonnage maximum depth is 225 mm.

    “The maximum dimensions of the cartonnage: in length is 444 mm in front and 399 at the back; in width is 320 mm; 225 mm in depth.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In this study, we estimated that the King probably died at the age of 35, about a decade older than X-ray estimation.

    “In this study, we estimated that the King probably died at the age of 35, about a decade older than X-ray estimation, which is more in accordance with the historical data that Amenhotep I reigned for 21 years (1, 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    CT images show neck fractures and decapitation in the mummy of Amenhotep I.

    “The CT images show the extent of damage of the mummy of Amenhotep I that involved neck fractures and decapitation, a large defect in the anterior abdominal wall, and disarticulation of the extremities (left upper limb, right hand, and right foot).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The cartonnage maximum width is 320 mm.

    “The maximum dimensions of the cartonnage: in length is 444 mm in front and 399 at the back; in width is 320 mm; 225 mm in depth.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A linen band treated with resin wrapped the fractured cervical spine and kept the head and neck in line with the body.

    “A linen band treated with resin wrapped the fractured cervical spine and kept the head and neck in line with the body”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The repairs (linen bands, pins, wood board) were made during reburial rather than at original mummification.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Ten of the 13 amulets/jewelry related to the torso were on the body surface or between the wrappings; only three amulets were inside the body cavity: a heart amulet inside the chest cavity and two amulets in the abdomen.

    “Ten out of the 13 amulets/jewelry related to the torso were on the body surface or between the wrappings; only three amulets were inside the body cavity: heart amulet inside the chest cavity and two amulets in the abdomen.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The disarticulated bones of the right foot have been placed on a wood board measuring 177 mm × 55 mm × 7 mm in maximum length, breadth, and thickness respectively.

    “The disarticulated bones of the right foot have been placed on a wood board measuring 177 mm × 55mm × 7 mm in maximum length, breadth, and thickness respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The repairs (linen bands, pins, wood board) were made during reburial rather than at original mummification.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Each eye of the mask is made of inlaid stones of a central discoid structure that corresponds to the black obsidian pupil and denser pieces on each side for the white of the eye likely made from quartz.

    “Each eye of the mask is made of inlaid stones of a central discoid structure that corresponds to the black obsidian pupil and denser pieces on each side for the white of the eye likely made from quartz.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Two amulets are placed beneath the linen band that covers the defective anterior abdominal wall.

    “Two amulets are seen placed beneath the linen band.”
    • Also stated in: § CT Study of the Mummy · plain
      “Two amulets are placed beneath the linen band that covers the defective anterior abdominal wall.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The repairs (linen bands, pins, wood board) were made during reburial rather than at original mummification.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The cartonnage maximum length is 444 mm in front.

    “The maximum dimensions of the cartonnage: in length is 444 mm in front and 399 at the back; in width is 320 mm; 225 mm in depth.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Four nails are in the front and two in the back of the wood board.

    “Six metal nails (9–10 mm long) are seen inserted in the wood board (four nailed in the front, and two in the back) likely to fix the position of the wood plaque to the surrounding wrappings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The repairs (linen bands, pins, wood board) were made during reburial rather than at original mummification.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The wood piece measures 250 mm in length, 184 mm in width, and 12 mm in thickness.

    “The wood piece measures 1,200 HU in CT density and measures: 250 mm in length, 184 mm in width, and 12 mm in thickness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The face mask is mounted on the cartonnage; the cartonnage is formed of a central low-density layer of linen/papyrus covered by denser layers of gesso.

    “The face mask is mounted on the cartonnage (long arrow); the cartonnage is formed of a central low-density layer of linen/papyrus covered by denser layers of gesso (long arrow).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    The face of the mask has been individualized to facial features identical to those on the coffin of Amenhotep I.

    “The face of the mask has been individualized to the facial features identical to that on the coffin of Amenhotep I (1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Partridge, 1997

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The CT images of the mummy of Amenhotep I show that there was no attempt to remove the brain, which is seen shrunken and occupying the back of the skull.

    “The CT images of the mummy of Amenhotep I show that there was no attempt to remove the brain which is seen shrank and occupying the back of the skull.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The mummy of Amenhotep I was rewrapped twice by the 21st Dynasty priests Pinedjem I and Masarharta.

    “The mummy of Amenhotep I has been rewrapped twice by the 21st Dynasty's priests: by Pinedjem I, Theban High Priest of Amun, and a decade later by his son Masarharta (5–7).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [5] Maspero, 1889

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [6] Ikram, 1997

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] Kitchen, 1986

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    CT is an advanced form of X-ray that obtains hundreds of thin sections and provides more detailed reconstructed images of soft tissues as well as bones.

    “CT is an advanced form of X-ray that obtains hundreds of thin sections (slices) of the body and provides more detailed reconstructed images of soft tissues as well as bones.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    In plain x-ray examination, the three-dimensional information of the mummy is projected onto a two-dimensional X-ray film, resulting in superimposition of objects and bones, which makes mummy characterization less satisfactory.

    “In the plain x-ray examination, the three-dimensional (3D) information of the mummy is projected onto a two-dimensional X-ray film. The result is the superimposition of objects and bones which makes mummy characterization less satisfactory.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The material of objects was determined according to HU measurements: metal >2,978 HU; quartz/faience 1,693-2,317 HU; stones about 2,900-2,500 HU; and fired clay 1,116 HU SD 54.7.

    “The material of the object was determined according to its HU measurements: metal (>2,978 HU); quartz/faience (1,693–2,317 HU), stones (about 2,900–2,500 HU), and fired clay (1,116 HU SD 54.7) (17).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Saleem, 2014, Multidetector computed tomographic study of amulets, jewelry, and other foreign objects in royal Egyptian mummies dated from the 18th to 20th dynasties, J Comput Assist Tomogr. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The CT assessment of preservation status, age at death, and pathologies followed protocols published before.

    “We analyzed the CT images of the mummy to assess the preservation status, age at death, and pathologies according to protocols published before (12–16).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [12] Hawass, 2016, Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [13] Telmon, 2005, Application of the Suchey-Brooks method to three-dimensional imaging of the pubic symphysis, J Forensic Sci source
    • cites [14] Lovejoy, 1985, Dental wear in the Libben population: its functional pattern and role in the determination of adult skeletal age at death, Am J Phys Anthropol source
    • cites [15] Pasquier, 1999, Determination of age at death: assessment of an algorithm of age prediction using numerical three-dimensional CT data from pubic bones, Am J Phys Anthropol source
    • cites [16] Raxter, 2008, Stature estimation in Ancient Egyptians: a new technique based on anatomical reconstruction of stature, Am J Phys Anthropol source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The cartonnage at the chest region of the mummy is partly hidden by overlying garlands and could not be inspected.

    “The cartonnage at the chest region is partly hidden by the overlying garlands and could not be inspected”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data

    A short pin is placed transversely across the bandages likely to fix the left disarticulated arm in place.

    “A short pin is placed transversely across the bandages (short arrow) likely to fix the left disarticulated arm in place.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    CT is a non-invasive modality that has been used to examine the mummies of several ancient Egyptian royals.

    “CT is a non-invasive modality that has been used to examine the mummies of several ancient Egyptian royals.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Hawass, 2016, Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The metal nails in front and at the back of the board were likely placed to fix the position of the wood plaque to the surrounding wrappings.

    “Note that the metal nails in front (short arrow) and at the back (long arrow) of the board were likely placed to fix the position of the wood plaque to the surrounding wrappings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cartonnage became popular in the Third Intermediate Period (1069-664 BC), as well as later in the Ptolemaic-Early Roman Periods (330 BC−250 AD).

    “Cartonnage became popular in the Third Intermediate Period (1069–664 BC), as well as later in the Ptolemaic-Early Roman Periods (330 BC−250 AD) (6).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] Ikram, 1997

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The specialized CT imaging technique used in this study may have applications in paleo-anthropological and bio-archaeological studies of mummies from Egypt and other cultures such as Peru.

    “The specialized CT imaging technique in this study may have applications in paleo-anthropological and bio-archaeological studies of mummies from Egypt as well as other cultures such as Peru (28).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] Beckett, 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The disarticulated left upper limb and right foot have lost their original individual bandages and amulets and were not individually wrapped but only offered general bandaging with the rest of the body by the 21st Dynasty priests.

    “While the disarticulated left upper limb and right foot have lost their original individual bandages and amulets and were not individually wrapped but only offered general bandaging with the rest of the body by the 21st Dynasty priests.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The individual wrapping of the detached left upper limb and disarticulated right foot was original, dated to the 18th Dynasty, and was a little disturbed by the tomb robbers.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Excerebration became popular later in the 18th Dynasty and the peak of the procedure is suggested to be in the Ptolemaic Period.

    “Excerebration became popular later in the 18th Dynasty and the peak of the procedure is suggested to be in the Ptolemaic Period (18).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Wade, 2011, A synthetic radiological study of brain treatment in ancient Egyptian mummies, Homo source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data

    Two pins at the higher end of the CT density range could be made of ivory/bone.

    “four of these pins are at the lower end of the range (could be made of wood), and two pins at the higher end of the range could be made of ivory/bone.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: CT attenuation values in the observed ranges correspond to the named materials (e.g., gold, quartz/faience, obsidian, gesso, fired clay, stone, ivory/bone, linen/papyrus).
    • Rests on an assumption: The repairs (linen bands, pins, wood board) were made during reburial rather than at original mummification.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Metal nails and wooden pins were used in the manufacture of funerary furniture and coffins in ancient Egypt.

    “Metal nails and wooden pins were used in the manufacture of funerary furniture and coffins in ancient Egypt (23).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Bracci, 2015, Multidisciplinary approach for the study of an Egyptian coffin (late 22nd/early 25th dynasty): combining imaging and spectroscopic techniques, Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Specific amulets and their placement were described in the ancient Egyptian document The Book of the Dead.

    “Specific amulets and their placement were described in the ancient Egyptian documents, The Book of the Dead (8).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Smith, 1912

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    This CT examination of the mummy of Amenhotep I reveals that the Theban priests of the 21st Dynasty lovingly restored the royal mummified body of Amenhotep I and preserved or provided rich amulets and jewelry.

    “However, this CT examination of the mummy of Amenhotep I reveals how the Theban priests of the 21st Dynasty had lovingly restored the royal mummified body of Amenhotep I and preserved or provided rich amulets and jewelry.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Fewer jewelry pieces were found in the royal mummies of the New Kingdom found in cached burials.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Iron has not been used in funerary equipment until 700 BC.

    “However, iron has not been used in funerary equipment until 700 BC (24).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] Timber in Ancient Egypt2059 DixonDM Commonwealth Forestry Review.531974

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Ancient Egyptian mummies from the Predynastic Period onward were provided with jewelry constructed of various materials ranging from shells and beads to gold and gemstones.

    “Ancient Egyptian mummies from the Predynastic Period onward were provided with jewelry constructed of various materials ranging from shells and beads to gold and gemstones (8).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Smith, 1912

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    CT examination of a mummy enables non-invasive study and determination of the presence of amulets and jewelry.

    “The CT examination of the mummy enables the non-invasive study and determination of the presence of amulets and jewelry (12).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Hawass, 2016, Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The central material of the cobra measures −30 HU and is inlaid with stones of 2,200 HU.

    “The central material of the cobra measures −30 HU and is inlaid with stones of 2,200 HU.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: CT attenuation values in the observed ranges correspond to the named materials (e.g., gold, quartz/faience, obsidian, gesso, fired clay, stone, ivory/bone, linen/papyrus).

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data

    The nails likely fix the position of the wood plaque to the surrounding wrappings.

    “Six metal nails (9–10 mm long) are seen inserted in the wood board (four nailed in the front, and two in the back) likely to fix the position of the wood plaque to the surrounding wrappings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The repairs (linen bands, pins, wood board) were made during reburial rather than at original mummification.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The type of material used to make an amulet depended on the wealth of the deceased.

    “The type of material used to make the amulet depended on the wealth of the deceased (8).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Smith, 1912

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationown data

    This study may make us have re-confidence in the goodwill of the reburial project of the Royal mummies by the 21st Dynasty priests.

    “This study may make us have re-confidence in the goodwill of the reburial project of the Royal mummies by the 21st Dynasty priests.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Postmortem CT imaging can provide valuable information in identifications in mass disasters, trauma, and homicidal cases.

    “Postmortem CT imaging can provide valuable information in identifications in mass disasters, trauma, and homicidal cases (27).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] Beckett, 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous CT studies of the royal mummies of the New Kingdom found in the two royal caches identified Thutmose III to be wearing two golden bracelets hidden behind the wrappings.

    “Previous CT studies of the royal mummies of the New Kingdom found in the two royal caches identified Thutmose III (BC) to be wearing two golden bracelets hidden behind the wrappings (17).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Saleem, 2014, Multidetector computed tomographic study of amulets, jewelry, and other foreign objects in royal Egyptian mummies dated from the 18th to 20th dynasties, J Comput Assist Tomogr. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The pubic symphyseal surface becomes smoother with age, enabling the estimation of age.

    “The pubic symphyseal surface becomes smoother with age, enabling the estimation of age (13).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Telmon, 2005, Application of the Suchey-Brooks method to three-dimensional imaging of the pubic symphysis, J Forensic Sci source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The manufacturer of the inlaid eye in the mask of Amenhotep I used three separate pieces of stones, which likely required more work than other methods where the white eye was made of one piece with a tapering hole in the middle to receive a disc representing the pupil.

    “The manufacturer of the inlaid eye in the mask of Amenhotep I used three separate pieces of stones which likely required more work than other methods where the white eye was made of one piece with a tapering hole in the middle to receive a disc representing the pupil (26).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Petrie, 1889

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Unwrapping and dissection of mummies were often carried out in the past.

    “Unwrapping and dissection of mummies were often carried out in the past (3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Brier, 1994

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Different manufacturing methods and materials have been identified in the inlaid eyes in ancient Egyptian collections including obsidian, rock crystal, quartz, and ivory.

    “Different manufacturing methods and materials have been identified in the inlaid eyes in ancient Egyptian collections including obsidian, rock crystal, quartz, and ivory (6, 26).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [6] Ikram, 1997

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [26] Petrie, 1889

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The mummy of Amenhotep I is likely the first to appear with crossed forearms in the New Kingdom, followed by other kings such as Thutmose II, Thutmose III, and Tutankhamun.

    “This makes the mummy of Amenhotep I likely to be the first to appear with crossed forearms in the New Kingdom followed by other Kings such as Thutmose II, Thutmose III, and Tutankhamun (12).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Hawass, 2016, Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: Crossing forearms on the body are commonly seen in the New Kingdom royal mummies.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Unwrapping and dissection procedures are being condemned as they damage the ancient bodies and have been replaced by non-invasive imaging techniques such as CT.

    “These procedures are being condemned as they damage the ancient bodies and have been replaced by non-invasive imaging techniques such as CT (12).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Hawass, 2016, Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    To make the corpse look lifelike, the embalmers of the royal mummies dated to the New Kingdom usually used packs in the eyes, nose, mouth, and under the skin.

    “To make the corpse look lifelike, the embalmers of the royal mummies dated to the New Kingdom usually used packs in the eyes, nose, mouth, and under the skin (22).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Saleem, 2015, Subcutaneous packing in royal Egyptian mummies dated from 18th to 20th dynasties, J Comput Assist Tomogr. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The methodological tool used in this study may have potential applications in studying cadavers preserved by natural mummification due to extreme environmental conditions such as dry hot deserts or freezing mountains.

    “The methodological tool in this study may have potential applications in studying cadavers that have been preserved by natural mummification due to extreme environmental conditions such as dry hot deserts or freezing mountains (27, 28).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [27] Beckett, 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [28] Beckett, 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The postmortem injuries in the mummy of Amenhotep I targeted the neck and limbs, common places for jewelry.

    “This explains that the postmortem injuries in the mummy of Amenhotep I targeted the neck and limbs, common places for jewelry, and hacked the abdomen wall in search of amulets inside the body cavity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Two coffins originally made for Thutmose I (18th Dynasty) were reemployed for King Pinudjem I (21st Dynasty).

    “Examples include the reemployment of two coffins originally made for Thutmose I (18th Dynasty) for King Pinudjem I (21st Dynasty) (2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Reeves, 1996

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Some of the best-known and most elaborate pieces of jewelry were found on the intact royal mummy of Tutankhamun.

    “Some of the best-known and most elaborate pieces of jewelry were found on the intact royal mummy of Tutankhamun (3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Brier, 1994

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    CT densities of the amulets of Amenhotep I suggest they are made from different materials: 11 metal amulets and jewelry (likely golden), 13 quartz/faience amulets, five fired clay amulets, and one stone amulet.

    “The CT densities of the amulets of Amenhotep I suggest that they are made from different materials: 11 metal amulets and jewelry (likely golden), 13 quartz/faience amulets, five fired clay amulets, and one stone amulet.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
108 of 108

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The mummy of Amenhotep I has not been unwrapped in modern times.

    “was one of few royal mummies that have not been unwrapped in modern times.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The mummy studied is that of King Amenhotep I.

    “The mummy of Amenhotep I is wrapped in linen and covered from head to feet in floral garlands of red, yellow, and blue color.”
    “The right forearm of Amenhotep I crosses the body with a right angle at the elbow.”
    “A total number of 30 amulets/jewelry pieces are found in the wrapped mummy of Amenhotep I.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    CT imaging and 3D reconstruction accurately represent the mummy's anatomy and materials.

    “The 3D model of the wrapped mummy allowed the visualization of its different component layers: the head mask, the wrapping bandages, and the mummy.”
    “The digital unwrapping of the mummy by peeling off virtual layers exposed the exterior and interior of the mummy and allowed us to study it in detail”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    CT density values (HU) can distinguish linen, resin, and other materials.

    “The chest and abdominopelvic cavities are stuffed with loose linen (about −100 HU) and packs with variable CT densities consistent with linen treated with resin (70–120 HU).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    CT attenuation values in the observed ranges correspond to the named materials (e.g., gold, quartz/faience, obsidian, gesso, fired clay, stone, ivory/bone, linen/papyrus).

    “The black pupil of each eye is made of a discoid structure with a homogeneous CT density (1,693–1,700 HU) corresponding to obsidian crystals.”
    “it shows a central low-density layer of linen/papyrus (−30 HU) covered by a thin layer of a higher density material (gesso plaster) from the outside and another layer of gesso from inside (700–1,000 HU).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The repairs (linen bands, pins, wood board) were made during reburial rather than at original mummification.

    “The mummy shows signs of repair:”
    “The left dislocated upper limb is placed alongside the left side of the body and has been wrapped with the body and the right arm.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The individual wrapping of the detached left upper limb and disarticulated right foot was original, dated to the 18th Dynasty, and was a little disturbed by the tomb robbers.

    “We assume that the individual wrapping of these limbs was original, dated to the 18th Dynasty, and was a little disturbed by the tomb robbers.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Before the 18th Dynasty, incisions were vertical in the left flank and extended from the anterior superior iliac spine upwards.

    “Before the 18th Dynasty, incisions were vertical in the left flank and extended from the anterior superior iliac spine upwards.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The plundering of the Theban necropolis was documented in juridical documents known as 'tomb robbery papyri'.

    “In addition to the injuries witnessed on the royal mummies, the plundering of the Theban necropolis was also documented in juridical documents known as “tomb robbery papyri”.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The bulk of the tomb robbery papyri were found in the temple of Medinet Habu and concern theft of Thebes temples and tombs in the reign of Ramesses IX and Ramesses XI.

    “The bulk of these documents were found in the temple of Medinet Habu and are concerned with the theft of the Thebes temples and tombs in the reign of Ramesses IX and Ramesses XI.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The overall information from the archaeological documents is that the theft was often carried out by members of the burial group.

    “The overall information gained from these archaeological documents is that the theft was often carried out by members of the burial group.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Crossing forearms on the body are commonly seen in the New Kingdom royal mummies.

    “The crossing forearms on the body are commonly seen in the New Kingdom royal mummies.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Fewer jewelry pieces were found in the royal mummies of the New Kingdom found in cached burials.

    “However, fewer jewelry pieces were found in the royal mummies of the New Kingdom found in cached burials.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    CT is the diagnostic gold standard imaging modality for studying mummies.

    “CT is considered the diagnostic gold standard imaging modality for studying mummies.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Magnetic resonance imaging has limited value in the examination of dry mummified remains because it primarily provides information on the location of mobile hydrogen within the body.

    “Magnetic resonance imaging has a limited value in the examination of dry mummified remains as this modality primarily provides information on the location of mobile hydrogen within the body.”
15 of 15

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • An 85 mm bead exceeds the stated maximum amulet length

    Minor

    Table 1 lists an oblong bead with an 85 mm dimension, but the discussion says the maximum length of the amulets was 45 mm.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. Reeves, 1996, The Complete Valley of the Kings
  2. Brier, 1994, Egyptian Mummies
  3. Maspero, 1903, History of Egypt, Chaldaea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria
  4. Maspero, 1889, Les momies royale de Deir el-Bahari
  5. Smith, 1912, The Royal Mummies: Cairo: Catalogue general des Antiquites Epyptiennes du Musee du Caire. Nos 61051-61100. The Royal Mummies
  6. Derry, An X-ray examination of the mummy of King Amenophis I, Annales du Service des Antiquite's d'Egypte (ASAE), 34, 47
  7. Harris, 1973, X-raying the Pharaohs
  8. Timber in Ancient Egypt2059 DixonDM Commonwealth Forestry Review.531974

Cited by

Still being checked.

Related

Authors
Saleem, S. N., & Hawass, Z.
Affiliations
Cairo University (EG)
Corresponding author
Saleem, Sahar N.
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Medicine
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2021-12-28
Volume
8
Pages
778498-778498
ISSN
2296-858X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fmed.2021.778498
PMC
PMC8748262
OpenAlex
W4200364310
Semantic Scholar
1273b97462ee0785925a7b9a0c9f2eb23b785e9e
Cited by
13
References
23
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3
FWCI
13.50
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Paleopathology and ancient diseases
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Ancient Egypt and Archaeology
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
Keywords
Amenhotep I, mummy unwrapping, New Kingdom Egypt, non-invasive imaging, postmortem injury, grave robbery, amulets, causes of death

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-26.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-26.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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