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A western Eurasian male is found in 2000-year-old elite Xiongnu cemetery in Northeast Mongolia
Abstract
We analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), Y‐chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y‐SNP), and autosomal short tandem repeats (STR) of three skeletons found in a 2,000‐year‐old Xiongnu elite cemetery in Duurlig Nars of Northeast Mongolia. This study is one of the first reports of the detailed genetic analysis of ancient human remains using the three types of genetic markers. The DNA analyses revealed that one subject was an ancient male skeleton with maternal U2e1 and paternal R1a1 haplogroups. This is the first genetic evidence that a male of distinctive Indo‐European lineages (R1a1) was present in the Xiongnu of Mongolia. This might indicate an Indo‐European migration into Northeast Asia 2,000 years ago. Other specimens are a female with mtDNA haplogroup D4 and a male with Y‐SNP haplogroup C3 and mtDNA haplogroup D4. Those haplogroups are common in Northeast Asia. There was no close kinship among them. The genetic evidence of U2e1 and R1a1 may help to clarify the migration patterns of Indo‐Europeans and ancient East‐West contacts of the Xiongnu Empire. Artifacts in the tombs suggested that the Xiongnu had a system of the social stratification. The West Eurasian male might show the racial tolerance of the Xiongnu Empire and some insight into the Xiongnu society. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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“To prevent cross-contamination of DNA samples, bone samples were collected with extensive precautions according to previously published procedures [18–20].”
From Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen’s Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“In addition, the DNA sequences of amplified horse aDNA were compared to human DNA sequences from the Tavan Tolgoi bodies and from researchers of the 2 laboratories, as well as to the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS), using SeqMan II software [18, 21]. The results demonstrate that our data were sufficiently reproducible for selective analysis of aDNA from ancient human skeletons and were”
From Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen’s Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“All the primers used in this study were redesigned to ensure amplicons were as small as 127–231 base pairs to facilitate PCR amplification of highly fragmented aDNAs (S5 Table) [18].”
From Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen’s Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Purified aDNAs were routinely quantified by comparing individual curves to a standard curve, and ion exchange columns were used to eliminate PCR inhibitors from aDNA extracts that often lead to PCR failure [18, 65].”
From Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen’s Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Modern mtDNA sequences proximal to the aDNA sequences were further analyzed by reconstructing a bootstrapped NJ tree calculated from 1,000 resamplings of the alignment data [18].”
From Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen’s Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
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Cited by
Dulik, M. C., Osipova, L. P., & Schurr, T. G. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017548 · Cited by 76
Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen’s Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan
Lkhagvasuren, G., Shin, H., Lee, S. E., Tumen, D., Kim, J.-H., Kim, K.-Y., Kim, K., Park, A. J., Lee, H. W., Kim, M. J., et al. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161622 · Cited by 19
Self-citationThe Spread of Buddhist Culture to China between the Third and Seventh Centuries
Deeg, M. (2018) · Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity · doi:10.1017/9781316146040.018
Metadata
- Authors
- Kim, K., Brenner, C. H., Mair, V. H., Lee, K., Kim, J., Gelegdorj, E., Batbold, N., Song, Y., Yun, H., Chang, E., Lkhagvasuren, G., Bazarragchaa, M., Park, A., Lim, I., Hong, Y., Kim, W., Chung, S., Kim, D., Chung, Y., Kim, S., Lee, W., & Kim, K.
- Venue
- American Journal of Physical Anthropology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-01-20
- Volume
- 142
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 429-440
- ISSN
- 0002-9483
- 1096-8644
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 2
- Language
- en
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- Kim, K., Brenner, C. H., Mair, V. H., Lee, K., Kim, J., Gelegdorj, E., Batbold, N., Song, Y., Yun, H., Chang, E., Lkhagvasuren, G., Bazarragchaa, M., Park, A., Lim, I., Hong, Y., Kim, W., Chung, S., Kim, D., Chung, Y., . . . Kim, K. (2010). A western Eurasian male is found in 2000-year-old elite Xiongnu cemetery in Northeast Mongolia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21242
