Cited by 818Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and TreatmentsCoffee research and impactsNuclear Receptors and Signaling

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A meta‐analysis of coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and the risk of Parkinson's disease

Hernán, Miguel A., Takkouche, Bahi, Caamaño‐Isorna, Francisco, Gestal‐Otero, Juan J.·2002·Annals of Neurology

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Abstract

We conducted a systematic review to summarize the epidemiological evidence on the association between cigarette smoking, coffee drinking, and the risk of Parkinson's disease. Case–control and cohort studies that reported the relative risk of physician‐confirmed Parkinson's disease by cigarette smoking or coffee drinking status were included. Study‐specific log relative risks were weighted by the inverse of their variances to obtain a pooled relative risk and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Results for smoking were based on 44 case–control and 4 cohort studies, and for coffee 8 case–control and 5 cohort studies. Compared with never smokers, the relative risk of Parkinson's disease was 0.59 (95% CI, 0.54–0.63) for ever smokers, 0.80 (95% CI, 0.69–0.93) for past smokers, and 0.39 (95% CI, 0.32–0.47) for current smokers. The relative risk per 10 additional pack‐years was 0.84 (95% CI, 0.81–0.88) in case–control studies and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.73–0.84) in cohort studies. Compared with non–coffee drinkers, relative risk of Parkinson's disease was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.59–0.80) for coffee drinkers. The relative risk per three additional cups of coffee per day was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.64–0.86) in case–control studies and 0.68 (95% CI, 0.46–1.00) in cohort studies. This meta‐analysis shows that there is strong epidemiological evidence that smokers and coffee drinkers have a lower risk of Parkinson's disease. Further research is required on the biological mechanisms underlying this potentially protective effect.

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Wang, W., Jiang, S., Xu, C., Tang, L., Liang, Y., Zhao, Y., & Zhu, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.976316 · Cited by 29
“, 2015), and smoking (Hernán et al., 2002) may account for the bidirectional link between PD and CRC.”
Background
Occupational mercury exposure in association with prevalence of multiple sclerosis and tremor among US dentists
Bauer, J. A., Gruninger, S. E., Chou, H., Weuve, J., Turyk, M. E., Freels, S. A., & Stayner, L. T. (2015) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2015.05.016 · Cited by 28
Agrochemicals, α-Synuclein, and Parkinson’s Disease
Silva, B. A., Breydo, L., Fink, A. L., & Uversky, V. N. (2012) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-012-8333-2 · Cited by 28
Parkinson’s in the oldest old: Impact on estimates of future disease burden
Myall, D. J., Pitcher, T. L., Pearson, J. F., Dalrymple‐Alford, J. C., Anderson, T., & MacAskill, M. R. (2017) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.06.018 · Cited by 28
Characterization of Gastrointestinal Symptom Type and Severity in Parkinson's Disease: A Case–Control Study in an Australian Cohort
Kenna, J. E., Bakeberg, M. C., Gorecki, A. M., Tay, C. Y., Winter, S., Mastaglia, F. L., & Anderton, R. S. (2020) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.13134 · Cited by 27
Mechanistic Insights Expatiating the Redox-Active-Metal-Mediated Neuronal Degeneration in Parkinson’s Disease
Behl, T., Madaan, P., Sehgal, A., Singh, S., Anwer, M. K., Makeen, H. A., Albratty, M., Mohan, S., & BUNGAU, S. G. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23020678 · Cited by 27
Active and Passive Smoking and Risk of Narcolepsy in People with HLA DQB1*0602: A Population-Based Case-Control Study
Ton, T. G. N., Longstreth, W. T., Jr., & Koepsell, T. D. (2008) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000177037 · Cited by 27
Tobacco, coffee, and Parkinson's disease
Martyn, C. N., & Gale, C. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7389.561 · Cited by 27
After half a century of research on smoking and PD, where do we go now?
Ritz, B. R., & Rhodes, S. L. (2010) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181d63aa8 · Cited by 27
Cancers Preceding Parkinson’s Disease after Adjustment for Bias in a Danish Population-Based Case-Control Study
Cui, X., Liew, Z., Hansen, J., Lee, P., Arah, O. A., & Ritz, B. R. (2019) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000494292 · Cited by 26
Appendectomy, Tonsillectomy and Parkinson's Disease Risk: A Swedish Register-Based Study
Liu, B., Fang, F., Ye, W., & Wirdefeldt, K. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00510 · Cited by 25
Adenosine A2A Receptor Occupancy by Caffeine After Coffee Intake in Parkinson's Disease
Ishibashi, K., Miura, Y., Wagatsuma, K., Toyohara, J., Ishiwata, K., & Ishii, K. (2022) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.28897 · Cited by 26
“This result appears to conflict with epidemiological links between coffee intake and lower PD risk.(1,2) One possible reason for this contradiction is that in the placebo group, daily intake of 92.”
BackgroundResult
What have we learned from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in Parkinson's disease?
Fernández‐Santiago, R., & Sharma, M. (2022) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2022.101648 · Cited by 26
Knowing Me, Knowing You: Can a Knowledge of Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease Prove Useful in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease?
Sutherland, G. T., Siebert, G. A., Kril, J. J., & Mellick, G. D. (2011) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2011-110026 · Cited by 26
“However despite the effect size it is still far from clear how ApoE 4 increases the risk of AD.”
Background
Substructure‐Based Virtual Screening for Adenosine A 2A Receptor Ligands
van der Horst, E., van der Pijl, R., Mulder‐Krieger, T., Bender, A., & IJzerman, A. P. (2011) · ChemMedChem · doi:10.1002/cmdc.201100369 · Cited by 26
Smoking‐responsive juvenile‐onset Parkinsonism
Hanagasi, H. A., Lees, A. J., Johnson, J. O., Singleton, A., & Emre, M. (2006) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.21177 · Cited by 26
Neuroprotective effects of chlorogenic acid: Modulation of Akt/Erk1/2 signaling to prevent neuronal apoptosis in Parkinson's disease
He, S., Chen, Y., Wang, H., Li, S., Wei, Y., Zhang, H., Gao, Q., Wang, F., & Zhang, R.-J. (2024) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.06.018 · Cited by 25
Tobacco Use, Oral Health, and Risk of Parkinson's Disease
Liu, Z., Roosaar, A., Axéll, T., & Ye, W. (2016) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kww146 · Cited by 25
How Much Caffeine in Coffee Cup? Effects of Processing Operations, Extraction Methods and Variables
Severini, C., Derossi, A., Ricci, I., Fiore, A. G., & Caporizzi, R. (2017) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.69002 · Cited by 29
“A meta-analysis found a risk reduction of 49% by consuming three additional coffee cups per day, whereas no effects were found for the cohort study that included only women [44, 45].”
Background
Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Variants Are Associated with Protection from Symptoms Associated with More Severe Course in Parkinson Disease
Anderson, K. M., Augusto, D. G., Dandekar, R., Shams, H., Zhao, C., Yusufali, T., Montero-Martín, G., Marin, W. M., Nemat‐Gorgani, N., Creary, L. E., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2000144 · Cited by 27
High IQ in Early Adulthood Is Associated with Parkinson’s Disease
Fardell, C., Torén, K., Schiöler, L., Nissbrandt, H., & Åberg, M. (2020) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-202050 · Cited by 25
REM-Schlaf-Verhaltensstörung als prodromales Stadium von α-Synukleinopathien
Oertel, W. H., Depboylu, C., Krenzer, M., Vadász, D., Ries, V., Sixel‐Döring, F., & Mayer, G. (2014) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-013-3891-8 · Cited by 24
Drugs of abuse and Parkinson's disease
Mursaleen, L., & Stamford, J. A. (2015) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.03.013 · Cited by 24
“Inmany epidemiologic studies other addictive behaviours such as cigarette smoking and coffee drinking, have been linked with a lower risk of idiopathic Parkinson's (Hernán et al., 2002).”
Background
Formulations of hormone therapy and risk of Parkinson's disease
Lundin, J. I., Ton, T. G. N., LaCroix, A. Z., Longstreth, W. T., Franklin, G. M., Swanson, P. D., Smith‐Weller, T., Racette, B. A., & Checkoway, H. (2014) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.26037 · Cited by 26
Interaction between caffeine and polymorphisms of glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A (GRIN2A) and cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) on Parkinson's disease risk
Kim, I. Y., O’Reilly, É. J., Hughes, K. C., Gao, X., Schwarzschild, M. A., McCullough, M. L., Hannan, M. T., Betensky, R. A., & Ascherio, A. (2018) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.27279 · Cited by 25
“Numerous cohort and case-control studies have suggested a large environmental component in predicting Parkinson’s disease (PD) risk.(1,2) Among these determinants, caffeine intake is one of the most well-established protective factors of PD.”
Background
Integration of risk factors for Parkinson disease in 2 large longitudinal cohorts
Kim, I. Y., O’Reilly, É. J., Hughes, K. C., Gao, X., Schwarzschild, M. A., Hannan, M. T., Betensky, R. A., & Ascherio, A. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000005473 · Cited by 25
Emergence of the brain-border immune niches and their contribution to the development of neurodegenerative diseases
Tan, L. Y., Cunliffe, G., Hogan, M. P., Yeo, X. Y., Oh, C., Jin, B., Kang, J., Park, J., Kwon, M., Kim, M., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1380063 · Cited by 23
“Disease presentation has also been associated with levels of exercise (140), caffeine intake, smoking (141) and traumatic brain injury (142).”
Background
Role of Tobacco Use in the Etiology of Acoustic Neuroma
Palmisano, S., Schwartzbaum, J., Prochazka, M., Pettersson, D. R., Bergenheim, T. A., Florentzson, R., Harder, H., Mathiesen, T. I., Nyberg, G., Siesjö, P., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr465 · Cited by 23
Altered striatal circuits underlie characteristic personality traits in Parkinson’s disease
Ishii, T., Sawamoto, N., Tabu, H., Kawashima, H., Okada, T., Togashi, K., Takahashi, R., & Fukuyama, H. (2016) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-016-8206-0 · Cited by 23
Modulation of the Microbiome in Parkinson's Disease: Diet, Drug, Stool Transplant, and Beyond
Brown, E. G., & Goldman, S. M. (2020) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-020-00942-2 · Cited by 24
“Another important aspect of diet that may beneficially influence the microbiome is caffeine use, which is associated with a reduced risk of PD [97].”
Background
Use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors was associated with a lower risk of Parkinson’s disease in diabetic patients
Lin, Y., Hsu, C., Liu, J., Chang, K., & Huang, J. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-49870-z · Cited by 23
Effects of Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acid on Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Mice Induced by Choline-Deficient, L-Amino Acid-Defined, High-Fat Diet
Dungubat, E., Watabe, S., Togashi-Kumagai, A., Watanabe, M., Kobayashi, Y., Harada, N., Yamaji, R., Fukusato, T., Lodon, G., Sevjid, B., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12123886 · Cited by 23
Tea or coffee? A case study on evidence for dietary advice
Binns, C. W., Lee, A. H., & Fraser, M. L. (2008) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980007001589 · Cited by 23
“A systematic review of thirteen studies((53)) reported an overall RR of 0?69 (95 % CI 0?59, 0?80) for coffee v.”
Background

Authors: Hernán, M. A., Takkouche, B., Caamaño‐Isorna, F., & Gestal‐Otero, J. J.
Affiliations: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (ES)
ORCID: Takkouche, Bahi
Caamaño‐Isorna, Francisco
Venue: Annals of Neurology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2002-05-29
Volume: 52
Issue: 3
Pages: 276-284
ISSN: 0364-5134 (ISSN-L)
1531-8249
DOI: 10.1002/ana.10277
OpenAlex: W2053969387
Cited by: 818
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 3.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Annals of Neurology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
Keywords: Parkinson's disease, coffee consumption, cigarette smoking, pack-years, disease risk, protective factors, neurodegeneration
MeSH terms: Coffee, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Risk Factors, Smoking, Cohort Studies, Case-Control Studies

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A meta‐analysis of coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and the risk of Parkinson's disease

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