The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A meta‐analysis of coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and the risk of Parkinson's disease
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review to summarize the epidemiological evidence on the association between cigarette smoking, coffee drinking, and the risk of Parkinson's disease. Case–control and cohort studies that reported the relative risk of physician‐confirmed Parkinson's disease by cigarette smoking or coffee drinking status were included. Study‐specific log relative risks were weighted by the inverse of their variances to obtain a pooled relative risk and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Results for smoking were based on 44 case–control and 4 cohort studies, and for coffee 8 case–control and 5 cohort studies. Compared with never smokers, the relative risk of Parkinson's disease was 0.59 (95% CI, 0.54–0.63) for ever smokers, 0.80 (95% CI, 0.69–0.93) for past smokers, and 0.39 (95% CI, 0.32–0.47) for current smokers. The relative risk per 10 additional pack‐years was 0.84 (95% CI, 0.81–0.88) in case–control studies and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.73–0.84) in cohort studies. Compared with non–coffee drinkers, relative risk of Parkinson's disease was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.59–0.80) for coffee drinkers. The relative risk per three additional cups of coffee per day was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.64–0.86) in case–control studies and 0.68 (95% CI, 0.46–1.00) in cohort studies. This meta‐analysis shows that there is strong epidemiological evidence that smokers and coffee drinkers have a lower risk of Parkinson's disease. Further research is required on the biological mechanisms underlying this potentially protective effect.
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“To put this into perspective, the risk reduction documented in this meta-analysis (OR ϭ 0.67) was of a similar order of magnitude to the PD risk reductions previously noted with caffeine consumption or smoking, 8”
From Does vigorous exercise have a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson disease? (2011) · cites this paper as [8]
Citations
Cites
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Dauer, W., & Przedborski, S. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00568-3 · Cited by 5,469
“…disease (HD) and other polyglutamine diseases (Sau-smoking and coffee drinking are inversely associated with the risk for development of PD (Hernan et al., 2002), dou et al., 1998; Cummings et al., 1999), suggests that there is no correlation between inclusion formation andreinforcing the…”
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The 2.6 Angstrom Crystal Structure of a Human A 2A Adenosine Receptor Bound to an Antagonist
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Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hernán, M. A., Takkouche, B., Caamaño‐Isorna, F., & Gestal‐Otero, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (ES)
- Venue
- Annals of Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05-29
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 276-284
- ISSN
- 0364-5134 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8249
- OpenAlex
- W2053969387
- Cited by
- 818
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 3.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, coffee consumption, cigarette smoking, pack-years, disease risk, protective factors, neurodegeneration
- MeSH terms
- Coffee, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Risk Factors, Smoking, Cohort Studies, Case-Control Studies
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