The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Abnormal asymmetry in language association cortex in autism
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting cognitive, language, and social functioning. Although language and social communication abnormalities are characteristic, prior structural imaging studies have not examined language‐related cortex in autistic and control subjects. Subjects included 16 boys with autism (aged 7–11 years), with nonverbal IQ greater than 80, and 15 age‐ and handedness‐matched controls. Magnetic resonance brain images were segmented into gray and white matter; cerebral cortex was parcellated into 48 gyral‐based divisions per hemisphere. Asymmetry was assessed a priori in language‐related inferior lateral frontal and posterior superior temporal regions and assessed post hoc in all regions to determine specificity of asymmetry abnormalities. Boys with autism had significant asymmetry reversal in frontal language‐related cortex: 27% larger on the right in autism and 17% larger on the left in controls. Only one additional region had significant asymmetry differences on post hoc analysis: posterior temporal fusiform gyrus (more left‐sided in autism), whereas adjacent fusiform gyrus and temporooccipital inferior temporal gyrus both approached significance (more right‐sided in autism). These inferior temporal regions are involved in visual face processing. In boys with autism, language and social/face processing–related regions displayed abnormal asymmetry. These structural abnormalities may relate to language and social disturbances observed in autism.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Reversed structural and functional asymmetry within fronto-temporal language cortices may contribute to these impairments [207].”
From Consensus Paper: Pathological Role of the Cerebellum in Autism (2012) · cites this paper as [207]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
(1943) · The Nervous child · Cited by 8,870
The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception
Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-11-04302.1997 · Cited by 7,738
Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders
(2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939352 · Cited by 2,262
Understanding other minds: perspectives from autism
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-3492 · Cited by 1,651
Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: An MRI study
Courchesne, E., Karns, C. M., Davis, H. R., Ziccardi, R., Carper, R. A., Tigue, Z. D., Chisum, H. J., Moses, P., Pierce, K., Lord, C., et al. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.2.245 · Cited by 1,487
Poldrack, R. A., Wagner, A. D., Prull, M. W., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0441 · Cited by 1,448
Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language
Shaywitz, B. A., Shaywltz, S. E., Pugh, K. R., Constable, R. T., Skudlarski, P., Fulbright, R. K., Bronen, R. A., Fletcher, J. M., Shankweiler, D., Katz, L., et al. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/373607a0 · Cited by 1,374
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Preedy, V., & Watson, R. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_5485 · Cited by 1,146
An investigation of language impairment in autism: Implications for genetic subgroups
Kjelgaard, M., & Tager-Flusberg, H. B. (2001) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690960042000058 · Cited by 1,131
Self-citationSchultz, R. T., Gauthier, I., Klin, A., Fulbright, R. K., Anderson, A. W., Volkmar, F., Skudlarski, P., Lacadie, C., Cohen, D. J., & Gore, J. C. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.4.331 · Cited by 1,000
Demb, J. B., Desmond, J., Wagner, A., Vaidya, C. J., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1995) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-09-05870.1995 · Cited by 911
Face processing occurs outside the fusiform ‘face area’ in autism: evidence from functional MRI
Pierce, K. (2001) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/124.10.2059 · Cited by 898
The functional neuroanatomy of social behaviour
Critchley, H. D., Daly, E. M., Bullmore, E. T., Williams, S. C. R., Van Amelsvoort, T., Robertson, D. M., Rowe, A., Phillips, M., McAlonan, G., Howlin, P., et al. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.11.2203 · Cited by 816
Bailey, A. J., Phillips, W., & Rutter, M. L. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x · Cited by 765
The Young Adult Human Brain: An MRI-based Morphometric Analysis
Filipek, P. A., Richelme, C., Kennedy, D. N., & Caviness, V. S. (1994) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/4.4.344 · Cited by 652
Self-citationNeuroanatomical correlates of encoding in episodic memory: levels of processing effect.
Kapur, S., Craik, F. I. M., Tulving, E., Wilson, A. A., Houle, S., & Brown, G. M. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.6.2008 · Cited by 642
Abnormal Processing of Social Information from Faces in Autism
Adolphs, R., Sears, L. L., & Piven, J. (2001) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892901564289 · Cited by 609
Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Wiznitzer, M. (1988) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.38.10.1663-d · Cited by 562
Klin, A. (2000) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00671 · Cited by 549
Bailey, A. J., Amaia Hervas, G., Matthews, N., Palferman, S., Wallace, S., Aubin, A., Michelotti, J., Wainhouse, C., Papanikolaou, Κ., Rutter, M. L., et al. (1998) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/7.3.571 · Cited by 543
Shapleske, J., Rossell, S. L., Woodruff, P. W. R., & David, A. S. (1999) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00047-2 · Cited by 539
A Follow‐Up Study of High‐Functioning Autistic Children
Venter, A., Lord, C., & Schopler, E. (1992) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00887.x · Cited by 527
The Human Brain Age 7–11 Years: A Volumetric Analysis Based on Magnetic Resonance Images
Caviness, V. S., Kennedy, D. N., Richelme, C., Rademacher, J., & Filipek, P. A. (1996) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/6.5.726 · Cited by 509
Self-citationLeft-Right Asymmetries of the Temporal Speech Areas of the Human Fetus
Chi, J. G., Dooling, E. C., & Gilles, F. H. (1977) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1977.00500180040008 · Cited by 473
Macrocephaly in children and adults with autism
LAINHART, J. E., PIVEN, J., WZOREK, M., LANDA, R., SANTANGELO, S. L., COON, H., & FOLSTEIN, S. E. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199702000-00019 · Cited by 439
An MRI study of brain size in autism
Piven, J., Arndt, S. V., Bailey, J. N., Havercamp, S. M., Andreasen, N. C., & Palmer, P. (1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.8.1145 · Cited by 417
Steinmetz, H., Volkmann, J., Jäncke, L., & Freund, H. (1991) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410290314 · Cited by 411
An MRI study of the basal ganglia in autism
Sears, L. L., Vest, C., Mohamed, S., Bailey, J., Ranson, B. J., & Piven, J. (1999) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0278-5846(99)00020-2 · Cited by 364
Larsen, J., Høien, T., Lundberg, I., & Ødegaard, H. (1990) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(90)90015-9 · Cited by 345
Gyri of the human neocortex: an MRI-based analysis of volume and variance
Kennedy, D. (1998) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/8.4.372 · Cited by 323
Self-citationCourchesne, E., Townsend, J., & Saitoh, O. (1994) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.44.2.214 · Cited by 286
Anomalous Cerebral Structure in Dyslexia Revealed With Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Leonard, C. M., Voeller, K. K. S., Lombardino, L. J., Morris, M. K., Hynd, G. W., Alexander, A. W., Andersen, H. G., Garofalakis, M., Honeyman, J. C., Mao, J., et al. (1993) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1993.00540050013008 · Cited by 286
Anatomic segmentation and volumetric calculations in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
Kennedy, D. N., Filipek, P. A., & Caviness, V. S. (1989) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/42.20356 · Cited by 271
Self-citationCerebral Structure on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Language- and Learning-Impaired Children
Jernigan, T. L., Hesselink, J. R., Sowell, E. R., & Tallal, P. A. (1991) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1991.00530170103028 · Cited by 269
Galaburda, A. M., Rosen, G. D., & Sherman, G. F. (1990) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(90)90032-j · Cited by 257
Caplan, D. N., Hildebrandt, N., & Makris, N. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.3.933 · Cited by 243
Self-citationMRI findings in boys with specific language impairment*1
Plante, E. (1991) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(91)90110-m · Cited by 229
Schlaepfer, T. E., Harris, G. J., Tien, A. Y., Peng, L. W., Lee, S., & Pearlson, G. D. (1995) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/0925-4927(95)02634-a · Cited by 227
Self-citationPapathanassiou, D., Etard, O., Mellet, E., Zago, L., Mazoyer, B., & Tzourio-Mazoyer, N. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0546 · Cited by 227
What language reveals about the understanding of minds in children with autism
Tager-Flusberg, H. B. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 213
Self-citationAnatomical Risk Factors for Phonological Dyslexia
Leonard, C. M. (2001) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/11.2.148 · Cited by 209
Evidence supporting WNT2 as an autism susceptibility gene
Wassink, T. H., Piven, J., Vieland, V. J., Huang, J., Swiderski, R. E., Pietila, J., Braun, T. A., Beck, G. E., Folstein, S. E., Haines, J. L., et al. (2001) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1401 · Cited by 208
Brain Morphology in Children With Specific Language Impairment
Gauger, L. M., Lombardino, L. J., & Leonard, C. M. (1997) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/jslhr.4006.1272 · Cited by 206
Incorporating language phenotypes strengthens evidence of linkage to autism
Bradford, Y., Haines, J. L., Hutcheson, H. B., Gardiner, M., Braun, T. A., Sheffield, V. C., Cassavant, T., Huang, W. Q., Wang, K., Vieland, V. J., et al. (2001) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1497 · Cited by 205
Lai, C. S. L., Fisher, S. E., Hurst, J. A., Levy, E. R., Hodgson, S. V., Fox, M., Jeremiah, S. J., Povey, S., Jamison, D. C., Green, E. D., et al. (2000) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/303011 · Cited by 205
Planum temporale asymmetry and language dominance
Foundas, A. L., Leonard, C. M., Gilmore, R. L., Fennell, E. B., & Heilman, K. M. (1994) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(94)90104-x · Cited by 203
Brain Mapping of Language and Auditory Perception in High-Functioning Autistic Adults: A PET Study
Müller, R., Behen, M. E., Rothermel, R. D., Chugani, D. C., Muzik, O., Mangner, T. J., & Chugani, H. T. (1999) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1025914515203 · Cited by 199
MRI Asymmetries of Broca's Area: The Pars Triangularis and Pars Opercularis
Foundas, A. L., Eure, K. F., Luevano, L. F., & Weinberger, D. R. (1998) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.1998.1974 · Cited by 188
Brain lateralization in children : developmental implications
Molfese, D. L., & Segalowitz, S. J. (1988) · Cited by 176
Morphologic Cerebral Asymmetries and Handedness
Foundas, A. L. (1995) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1995.00540290091023 · Cited by 175
Pars triangularis asymmetry and language dominance.
Foundas, A. L., Leonard, C. M., Gilmore, R. L., Fennell, E. B., & Heilman, K. M. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.2.719 · Cited by 168
Analysis of lesions by MRI in stroke patients with acoustic‐phonetic processing deficits
Caplan, D. N., Gow, D. W., & Makris, N. (1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.2.293 · Cited by 162
Self-citationA Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Planum Temporale Asymmetry in Men With Developmental Dyslexia
Rumsey, J. M., Donohue, B. C., Brady, D. R., Nace, K., Giedd, J. N., & Andreason, P. (1997) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1997.00550240035010 · Cited by 136
SPECT OF THE BRAIN IN CHILDHOOD AUTISM: EVIDENCE FOR A LACK OF NORMAL HEMISPHERIC ASYMMETRY
Chiron, C., Leboyer, M., Leon, F., Jambaque, L., Nuttin, C., & Syrota, A. (1995) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1995.tb11938.x · Cited by 130
MRI-based brain volumetrics: emergence of a developmental brain science
Caviness, V. S., LANGE, N. D., Makris, N., Herbert, M. R., & Kennedy, D. N. (1999) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/s0387-7604(99)00022-4 · Cited by 112
Self-citationUnderstanding Other Minds: Perspectives From Autism
PIVEN, J. (1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.9.1392-a · Cited by 106
Planum temporale, planum parietale and dichotic listening in dyslexia
Heiervang, E. R., Hugdahl, K., Steinmetz, H., Smievoll, A. I., Stevenson, J., Lund, A., Ersland, L., & Lundervold, A. (2000) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00085-3 · Cited by 98
Chromosome 7q: Where Autism Meets Language Disorder?
Folstein, S. E., & Mankoski, R. E. (2000) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/303034 · Cited by 97
Developmental dyslexia: atypical cortical asymmetries and functional significance
Robichon, F., Levrier, O., Farnarier, P., & Habib, M. (2000) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.2000.00020.x · Cited by 94
Morphology of the Inferior Frontal Gyrus in Developmentally Language-Disordered Adults
Clark, M. M., & Plante, E. (1998) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.1997.1864 · Cited by 92
MRI findings in the parents and siblings of specifically language-impaired boys*1
Plante, E. (1991) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(91)90111-d · Cited by 84
A psycholinguistic perspective on language development in the autistic child.
Tager-Flusberg, H. B. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 81
Self-citationPreschool Children With Inadequate Communication: Developmental Language Disorder, Autism, Low IQ
Gieron-Korthals, M. A. (1998) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.152.12.1250 · Cited by 79
Selective subcortical abnormalities in autism
Jacobson, R. R., Couteur, A. S. L., Howlin, P., & Rutter, M. L. (1988) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700001860 · Cited by 77
Hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis in neurogenetic syndromes
Schaefer, G. B., Thompson, J. N., Bodensteiner, J. B., McConnell, J. M., Kimberling, W. J., Gay, C. T., Dutton, W. D., Hutchings, D. C., & Gray, S. B. (1996) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410390316 · Cited by 73
Normal intrasylvian anatomical asymmetry in children with developmental language disorder
Preis, S., Jäncke, L., Schittler, P., Huang, Y., & Steinmetz, H. (1998) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(98)00033-5 · Cited by 65
Zetzsche, T., Meisenzahl, E. M., Preuss, U. W., Holder, J., Kathmann, N., Leinsinger, G. L., Hahn, K. M., Hegerl, U., & Möller, H. (2001) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(01)00087-7 · Cited by 59
Planum Temporale: Where Spoken and Written Language Meet
Nakada, T., Fujii, Y., Yoneoka, Y., & Kwee, I. L. (2001) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000050784 · Cited by 56
Cellular, Morphometric, Ontogenetic and Connectional Substrates of Anatomical Asymmetry
Rosen, G. D. (1996) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(95)00073-9 · Cited by 51
Cerebral Asymmetry and Cognitive Development in Children: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Leonard, C. M., Lombardino, L. J., Mercado, L. R., Browd, S. R., Breier, J. I., & Agee, O. F. (1996) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00335.x · Cited by 48
Deb, S. S., & Thompson, B. (1998) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.173.4.299 · Cited by 43
Deviant neurophysiological asymmetry in children with language impairment
Shafer, V. L., Schwartz, R. G., Morr, M. L., Kessler, K. L., & Kurtzberg, D. (2000) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200011270-00025 · Cited by 41
Piven, J., & StephanArnd, T. (1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.2.398-a · Cited by 31
Worth, A. J., Makris, N., Meyer, J. W., Caviness, V. S., & Kennedy, D. N. (1998) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/s1361-8415(98)80013-3 · Cited by 9
Self-citationBrain Lateralization in Children: Developmental Implications
HUMPHRIES, L. (1991) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199111000-00036 · Cited by 2
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 79 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Minshew NJ, The neurobiology of autism
- Kemper TL, Disorders of the developing nervous system: changing views of their origin, diagnosis and treatment
- Filipek PA, 1992, Morphometric analysis of the brain in developmental language disorders and autism, Ann Neurol, 32, 475
- Filipek PA, 1991, MRI‐based morphometric analyses: reproducibility across multiple systems and pulse sequences over time on a single volunteer, Proc Soc Magn Reson Med, 10, 753
- Filipek PA, 1988, A method of morphometric analysis of the human brain based upon magnetic resonance imaging, Ann Neurol, 24, 356
- Tager‐Flusberg H, Toward a definition of specific language impairment
- Tager‐Flusberg H, Autism: new directions in diagnosis, nature, and treatment
- Tager‐Flusberg H, Research on communication and language disorders: contributions to theories of language development
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Just, M. A. (2004) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh199 · Cited by 1,589
Arbib, M. A. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000038 · Cited by 1,164
Just, M. A., Cherkassky, V. L., Keller, T. A., Kana, R. K., & Minshew, N. J. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl006 · Cited by 1,081
Language and Communication in Autism
Tager-Flusberg, H. B., Paul, R., & Lord, C. (2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939345.ch12 · Cited by 1,022
Self-citationAutism and the pervasive developmental disorders
Volkmar, F. R., & Klin, A. (2012) · doi:10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0214 · Cited by 931
Metadata
- Authors
- Herbert, M. R., Harris, G. J., Adrien, K. T., Ziegler, D. A., Makris, N., Kennedy, D. N., Lange, N. T., Chabris, C. F., Bakardjiev, A., Hodgson, J., Takeoka, M., Tager‐Flusberg, H., & Caviness, V. S.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- McLean Hospital (US)
- Keio University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Herbert, Martha R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annals of Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-09-16
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 588-596
- ISSN
- 0364-5134 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8249
- OpenAlex
- W2132092065
- Cited by
- 314
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 6.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1k23ns002126-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH57180, P20MH057180)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA 09467, P01DA009467)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DC03610)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS34189, R01NS034189, NS 37483, NS20489, NS02126, R01NS037483)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hemispheric Asymmetry in Neuroscience
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, hemispheric lateralization, inferior frontal cortex, posterior superior temporal cortex, fusiform gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, face processing, social communication, language processing, brain structure, children
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Language, Male, Reference Values
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
