How to successfully apply animal studies in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to research on multiple sclerosis.
Abstract
In their Point of View entitled "Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis: A Misleading Model of Multiple Sclerosis," Sriram and Steiner(1) wrote, "The most disappointing aspect of EAE [experimental allergic encephalomyelitis] as a potential model for MS is its almost total inability to point toward a meaningful therapy or therapeutic approach for MS." Actually, EAE has led directly to the development of three therapies approved for use in multiple sclerosis (MS): glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, and natalizumab. Several new approaches to MS are in clinical trials based on positive indications in preclinical work relying on EAE. New clues to the pathogenesis of MS and new potential surrogate markers for MS are shown from research involving EAE when it is critically coupled with actual findings in MS. There are pitfalls in overreliance on the EAE model, or on any animal model for any human disease. Nevertheless, over the past 73 years, the EAE model has proved itself remarkably useful for aiding research on MS.
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PLP-induced acute mouse EAE is a routinely used model for multiple sclerosis.
“We also studied therapeutic efficacy in the proteolipid protein (PLP)-induced acute mouse EAE, a routinely used model for the autoimmune inflammatory neurodegenerative disease multiple sclerosis [39], [40], in which the involvement of inflammation in the brain enhance the permeability of this difficult to reach organ.”
From Fabrication Principles and Their Contribution to the Superior In Vivo Therapeutic Efficacy of Nano-Liposomes Remote Loaded with Glucocorticoids (2011) · cites this paper as [39]
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- Authors
- Steinman, L., & Zamvil, S. S.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Steinman, Lawrence
- Venue
- Annals of Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-06-26
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 12-21
- ISSN
- 0364-5134 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8249
- OpenAlex
- W2140830894
- Cited by
- 479
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 5.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Multiple Sclerosis Society
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI059709)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal testing and alternatives
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Peripheral Neuropathies and Disorders
- Keywords
- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, animal models of disease, translational research, glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, natalizumab, MS pathogenesis, surrogate markers, preclinical drug development
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental, Humans, Multiple Sclerosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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