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Impairment of paravascular clearance pathways in the aging brain
Open accessAbstract
Objective: In the brain, protein waste removal is partly performed by paravascular pathways that facilitate convective exchange of water and soluble contents between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF). Several lines of evidence suggest that bulk flow drainage via the glymphatic system is driven by cerebrovascular pulsation, and is dependent on astroglial water channels that line paravascular CSF pathways. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the efficiency of CSF–ISF exchange and interstitial solute clearance is impaired in the aging brain. Methods: CSF–ISF exchange was evaluated by in vivo and ex vivo fluorescence microscopy and interstitial solute clearance was evaluated by radiotracer clearance assays in young (2–3 months), middle‐aged (10–12 months), and old (18–20 months) wild‐type mice. The relationship between age‐related changes in the expression of the astrocytic water channel aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) and changes in glymphatic pathway function was evaluated by immunofluorescence. Results: Advancing age was associated with a dramatic decline in the efficiency of exchange between the subarachnoid CSF and the brain parenchyma. Relative to the young, clearance of intraparenchymally injected amyloid‐β was impaired by 40% in the old mice. A 27% reduction in the vessel wall pulsatility of intracortical arterioles and widespread loss of perivascular AQP4 polarization along the penetrating arteries accompanied the decline in CSF–ISF exchange. Interpretation: We propose that impaired glymphatic clearance contributes to cognitive decline among the elderly and may represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases associated with accumulation of misfolded protein aggregates. Ann Neurol 2014;76:845–861
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“In AD, reactive astrogliosis is upregulated corresponds to the severity of astroglial activation and high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and the hypertrophic processes make aberrant contacts with nearby cerebral vessels and neurons, leading to neurovascular uncoupling.[ 42 ]”
From Multifunctional Nanostructure RAP‐RL Rescues Alzheimer's Cognitive Deficits through Remodeling the Neurovascular Unit (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
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“Impaired glymphatic function has been suggested to be instrumental in a range of brain diseases; this has been illustrated most in Alzheimer's dementia (7, 19, 20) but has also been shown to be relevant in posttraumatic encephalopathy (21), ageing (22), sleep (23, 24), depression (20), and exercise (25).”
From Brain-wide glymphatic enhancement and clearance in humans assessed with MRI. (2018) · cites this paper as [22]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“and paravascular clearance has been shown to be impaired with ageing (22).”
From Brain-wide glymphatic enhancement and clearance in humans assessed with MRI. (2018) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Yet the glymphatic system degrades with age, suggesting a causal relationship between sleep disturbance and symptomatic progression in the neurodegenerative dementias.”
From Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia (2020) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“Aging is also associated with a steep fall in glymphatic flow in the brains of both rodents and humans.”
From Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia (2020) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“CSF inflow of larger tracers are reduced by up to 85% in aged wild-type mice”
From Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia (2020) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“The decrease in glymphatic flow in old mice is in part mediated by mislocation of AQP4 water channels away from the vascular wall (52) and possible by atrophy of meningeal lymphatic vessel (42).”
From Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia (2020) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“while contrast clearance in human brain tissue was inversely correlated to age in all subjects studied (50, 52–54).”
From Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia (2020) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“As individuals age, there is a decline in the efficiency of these transport mechanisms in eliminating waste products such as Aβ.156,157”
From Antiageing strategy for neurodegenerative diseases: from mechanisms to clinical advances (2025) · cites this paper as [157]
In the citing paper
“both the brain glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic systems deteriorate with age”
From Living on the Edge of the CNS: Meninges Cell Diversity in Health and Disease (2021) · cites this paper as Kress et al., 2014
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“In a prior study, we observed that dynamic changes in the brain extracellular volume fraction are key regulators of glymphatic pathway function during the sleep– wake cycle, greater extracellular volume fraction during sleep facilitating the exchange of paravascular CSF with ISF.(6) The decline in glymphatic pathway a…”
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“Impairment of glymphatic pathway function was accompanied by a 27% reduction in cerebral arterial wall pulsatility, which is an important contributor to paravascular flux along the glymphatic pathway.(7,17,26) In addition, we show that impairment of paravascular CSF–ISF exchange is similarly associated with loss of pe…”
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Pizzo, M. E., & Thorne, R. G. (2017) · Brain Edema · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803196-4.00006-0 · Cited by 15
Exploring the Efficacy and Safety of Nutritional Supplements in Alzheimer’s Disease
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“The pro-inflammatory cytokines lead to the production of neurotoxic factors with the subsequent neuronal death [13].”
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“[4,5] At the same time, older adults generally experience decreased sleep quality and reduced slow-wave sleep recorded via polysomnography, [26] which severely hinders the efficiency of interstitial fluid (ISF)-CSF exchange and waste clearing during sleep.”
The glymphatic system as a therapeutic target: TMS-induced modulation in older adults
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Glaucoma as a Tauopathy—Is It the Missing Piece in the Glaucoma Puzzle?
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“…abnormalities of Aquaporin-4, also known as AQP-4, which is an encoded water channel protein, leading to disturbances of the glymphatic flow [122,123] which plays a crucial role in the removal of debris (including amyloid β (A β ) and tau aggregates) across the neuronal interstitial space [124].”
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“There are observations indicating that stimulation of AQP4 expression during inflammatory conditions triggered a relocation of AQP4 channels from astrocyte endfeet to cell soma and perisynaptic processes that was accompanied by a decline in glymphatic flow (Kress et al., 2014; Ren et al., 2021).”
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“The glymphatic pathway is important for detoxification of the brain (and spinal cord), a cleaning process that appears to be driven by adrenergic tone (Xie et al., 2013), arterial pulsatility (Iliff et al., 2013b), level of arousal (Xie et al., 2013), and aging (Kress et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNovel method for dynamic control of intracranial pressure
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“19”
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“The impairment can also be seen in aging and Alzheimer's disease states [47, 48].”
BackgroundNormal-Tension Glaucoma: A Glymphopathy?
Wostyn, P., & Killer, H. E. (2023) · Eye and Brain · doi:10.2147/eb.s401306 · Cited by 15
Sacchi, L., Arcaro, M., Carandini, T., Pietroboni, A. M., Fumagalli, G., Fenoglio, C., Serpente, M., Sorrentino, F., Visconte, C., Pintus, M., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1191714 · Cited by 14
Contribution of Direct Cerebral Vascular Transport in Brain Substance Clearance
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Toader, C., Tătaru, C. P., Florian, I. A., Covache-Busuioc, R.-A., Dumitrascu, D.-I., Glavan, L.-A., Costin, H. P., Bratu, B.-G., & Ciurea, A. V. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241814340 · Cited by 17
“…x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 34 Convective CSF Fluxes in Aging and Pathology Glymphatic activity decreases sharply during aging-Recent research has shown a striking decrease in glymphatic function in older mice compared to their younger counterparts, with an estimated 80–90% reduction in activity [93].”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Venular Side of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: Proof of Concept of a Neglected Issue
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“Therefore, based on the main anatomical, physiological and pathological features, we classified these clearance systems into two broad categories: the trans-barrier transport and lymphatic drainage, aiming to provide a comprehensive description of the concepts and potential mechanisms of brain’s…”
BackgroundAdams, J. M., Rege, S. V., Liu, A. T., Vu, N. V., Raina, S., Kirsher, D. Y., Nguyen, A. L., Harish, R., Szoke, B. G., Leone, D. P., et al. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adf8764 · Cited by 16
Normal-Tension Glaucoma and Potential Clinical Links to Alzheimer’s Disease
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“The loss of AQP4 resulted in a drastic decrease in A β peptide clearance from the CSF and interstitial fluid [240,241,244–247].”
BackgroundThe Association between Glymphatic System and Perivascular Macrophages in Brain Waste Clearance
Kaur, J., Boyd, E., Ding, G., Zhang, L., Luo, H., Li, Q., Li, L., Wei, M., Landschoot‐Ward, J., Chopp, M., et al. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14070731 · Cited by 15
“Also, with aging, the functioning of the glymphatic system decreases [60,61], probably due to a decrease in vascular elasticity and neurovascular coupling [14,96,97].”
BackgroundPathogenesis and management of low-pressure hydrocephalus: A narrative review
Duan, S., & Hu, J. (2024) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2024.122988 · Cited by 14
Role of the Glymphatic System in Alzheimer’s Disease and Treatment Approaches: A Narrative Review
Madhu, M. T., Balaji, O., Kandi, V., Jayashankar, C. A., Harikrishna, G. V., Metta, N., Mudamanchu, V. K., Sanjay, B. G., & Bhupathiraju, P. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.63448 · Cited by 15
“Other studies indicate that as people age, their cerebral arteries stiffen and their pulse amplitude diminishes, which results in a loss of glymphatic function [27,33,34].”
BackgroundCerebrovascular and mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer’s disease: a brief overview
Carvalho, C., Correia, S. C., Perry, G. L., Castellani, R. J., & Moreira, P. I. (2015) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-015-1367-7 · Cited by 14
“It was also reported that advancing age was associated with a dramatic decline in the efficiency of glymphatic system (Kress et al. 2014) suggesting that the impairment of glymphatic clearance contributes to cogni- tive decline and dementia among the elderly.”
BackgroundGhali, M. G. Z., Marchenko, V., Yasargil, M. G., & Ghali, G. Z. (2020) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105022 · Cited by 15
The Astrogenic Balance in the Aging Brain
Andromidas, F., Atashpanjeh, S., Myers, A. J., MacKinnon, B., Shaffer, M. M., & Koob, A. O. (2021) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x19666210420095118 · Cited by 13
“Astrocytes have a unique keystone role in the brain, from coordinating synaptic function [1-6], to forming a portion of the blood-brain barrier [7, 8], to communicating with microglia to combat injury and disease [9-11].”
BackgroundXue, Y., Gursky, Z. H., Monte, B., Koundal, S., Liu, X., Lee, H., Michurina, T. V., Mellanson, K. A., Zhao, L., Nemajerová, A., et al. (2022) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-022-00319-x · Cited by 14
“In the past, several reports of decreased peri-vascular AQP4 expression has been linked to neurodegenerative pathologies such as aging [10], cerebral small vessel disease [41] and Alzheimer’s disease [52].”
BackgroundNeuroimmunology of healthy brain aging
Fonken, L. K., & Gaudet, A. D. (2022) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2022.102649 · Cited by 17
Xu, C., Wang, F., Su, C., Guo, X., Li, J., & Lin, J. (2023) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000001880 · Cited by 15
Yasmin, A., Pitkänen, A., Andrade, P., Paananen, T., Gröhn, O. H. J., & Immonen, R. J. (2021) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-021-02395-5 · Cited by 14
“Perfusion deficits due to reduced blood flow, low arterial pulsation pressure and vascular deficits can hinder the fluid transport along the perivascular space and reduce interstitial clearance (Kress et al. 2014).”
BackgroundAppearance of the Organum Vasculosum of the Lamina Terminalis on Contrast-enhanced MR Imaging
Naganawa, S., Taoka, T., Kawai, H., Yamazaki, M., & Suzuki, K. (2017) · Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences · doi:10.2463/mrms.mp.2017-0088 · Cited by 15
Cognitive Decline and Dementia
Claassen, J. A. H. R. (2015) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04706 · Cited by 14
Decreased Water Diffusivity Along the Perivascular Space in Older Adults With Poor Sleep Quality
Kikuta, J., Kamagata, K., Takabayashi, K., Hayakawa, Y. K., Taoka, T., Saito, Y., Uchida, W., Guo, S., Yoshida, S., Yamazaki, K., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.70005 · Cited by 13
“…showed that the ALPS index was significantly associated with SBP. Glymphatic function assessment in aged mice indicated that AQP4 polarity loss and arterial wall pulsatility reduction led to reduced CSF tracer influx and impaired clearance of Aβ injected into the parenchyma (Kress et al. 2014).”
Yin, J., Cao, L., Liu, Y., & Huang, Y. M. (2025) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.30194 · Cited by 13
“24 Indeed, the perivascular space is a key site of the glymphatic system, 48 and the integrity of the blood – brain barrier (BBB) in HD has been shown to be damaged.”
Liu, L., Weng, Q., Cai, Q., Yu, X., Huang, W., Xie, S., Shi, Y., Li, H., Zhang, Y., Hu, J., et al. (2025) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-025-00971-8 · Cited by 19
“This spatial pattern likely re fl ects region-speci fi c vulnerabilities in glymphatic clearance, driven by variations in anatomical structure, vascular density, and glymphatic fl ow dynamics 21,22 .”
Cholinergic basal forebrain neurons regulate vascular dynamics and cerebrospinal fluid flux
Chuang, K., Zhou, X. A., Xia, Y., Li, Z., Qian, L., Eeles, E. M., Ngiam, G., Fripp, J., & Coulson, E. J. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60812-3 · Cited by 17
“Alternatively, disrupted CSF production, AQP4 function, vascular integrity and size of the perivascular parenchymal border macrophages, and periarterial pial layer may also lead to glymphatic de fi cits in aging and AD 11,19 – 21 .”
Lahmar, T., Thuau, F., Pinard, G., Boutoleau‐Bretonnière, C., Perrot, P., & Lancien, U. (2025) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tjpad.2025.100335 · Cited by 17
“Observations in animal models and humans have identified a progressive alteration in glymphatic system function with age, including disrupted polarization of glial cells AQP4 adjacent to perivascular spaces and reduced arterial pulsatility, compromising glymphatic clearance efficiency [32,68].”
Glymphatic-meningeal lymphatic system, a new therapeutic target for sleep disorders
Xiao, M., Marshall, C., & Yin, K. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.09.008 · Cited by 14
Hein, Z. M., & Nassir, C. M. N. C. M. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-36001-7 · Cited by 14
Cerebrospinal fluid leakage after posterior fossa surgery may impair brain metabolite clearance
Goulay, R., Badin, R. A., Flament, J., Emery, É., Hantraye, P., Vivien, D., & Gaberel, T. (2018) · Neurochirurgie · doi:10.1016/j.neuchi.2018.08.003 · Cited by 13
Gabr, R. E., Lincoln, J. A., Hasan, K. M., & Kramer, L. A. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3042 · Cited by 12
“Prior studies similarly demonstrated impaired glymphatic clearance in older mice (Kress et al., 2014) and impaired integrity of basal meningeal lymphatic vessel and CSF drainage with aging inmice (Ahn et al., 2019).”
BackgroundYslas, A. R., Park, R., Nishimura, N., & Lee, E. (2024) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/d4lc00287c · Cited by 13
Li, W., Liu, Z., Zhai, F., Han, F., Li, M., Zhou, L., Ni, J., Yao, M., Zhang, S., Cui, L., et al. (2024) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26790 · Cited by 13
“Accumulating evidence from animal studies suggests that the brain glymphatic system is affected by aging through various mechanisms (Kress et al., 2014), including a decrease in polarized aquaporin-4 channels on the endfeet of astrocytes, decreased CSF production (Liu et al., 2020) and CSF…”
BackgroundThe impact of body position on neurofluid dynamics: present insights and advancements in imaging
Muccio, M., Sun, Z., Chu, D., Damadian, B. E., Minkoff, L. A., Bonanni, L., & Ge, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1454282 · Cited by 13
Janssen, L., Dubbelaar, M. L., Holtman, I. R., de Boer-Bergsma, J. J., Eggen, B. J. L., Boddeke, H. W. G. M., Deyn, P. P. D., & Dam, D. V. (2016) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.11.014 · Cited by 13
Aetiology of type 1 diabetes: Physiological growth in children affects disease progression
Skog, O., & Korsgren, O. (2017) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13144 · Cited by 14
“tions as the prevailing transport system for extracellular interstitial fluids,(135,137,138) and disturbances in this glymphatic pathway are associated with accumulation of metabolic degradation products and the development of neurodegenerative diseases.(137,138) Although a similar pericapillary space is present in hu…”
BackgroundSwardfager, W., & Black, S. E. (2016) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.01.007 · Cited by 13
“The findings agree with suggestions that perivascular drainage pathways may help clear amyloid-b (10).”
BackgroundShao, X., Shou, Q., Felix, K., Ojogho, B., Jiang, X., Gold, B. T., Herting, M. M., Goldwaser, E. L., Kochunov, P. V., Hong, E. L., et al. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.96155 · Cited by 13
Yang, Y., Yan, M., Liu, X., Li, S., & Lin, G. (2025) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.70200 · Cited by 12
“Dysfunction in the glymphatic system can lead to the accumulation of toxic proteins, associated with various physiological conditions and neurological disorders, including aging [6], sleep [7], Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease [8–10].”
Kopeć, K., Koziorowski, D., & Szlufik, S. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26157552 · Cited by 15
“One of the causes of this is disordered AQP4 polarization in aging brains, which correlates both with a decrease in A β clearance and an increasing incidence of AD in the elderly [111,113].”
Zhang, J., Zou, X.-X., Cai, X., Zou, M., Li, H., & Feng, R. (2025) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s548253 · Cited by 12
Update on the Cognitive Presentations of iNPH for Clinicians
Langheinrich, T., Chen, C., & Thomas, O. M. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.894617 · Cited by 11
“It must be noted, however, that the control populations for the above studies were significantly younger than the iNPH group, and increasing age is known to be associated reduced glymphatic function in animal studies (86).”
ResultZhai, S., Yin, M., Sun, H., Jiang, X., Liu, Y., Marshall, C., Wu, T., & Xiao, M. (2023) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202202040rr · Cited by 12
Sarker, A. K., Suh, M., Choi, Y., Park, J. Y., Lee, Y., & Lee, D. S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-39903-y · Cited by 13
“The researchers found the size dependence of lymphatic drainage of CSF 14,15 , as well as influx through perivascular spaces from the subarachnoid space 19 , which reportedly differ between young, middle age, and old mice.”
InfluentialPeinado, P. J., & Urbach, A. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12162086 · Cited by 13
In vivo distribution of cerebrospinal fluid tracer in human upper spinal cord and brain stem
Melin, E., Pripp, A. H., Eide, P. K., & Ringstad, G. A. (2023) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.173276 · Cited by 13
“The mechanism behind this observation is incompletely understood, but reduced vessel wall pulsatility and loss of aquaporin 4 water channels with increasing age are associated with impairment of the perivascular clearance (17).”
BackgroundYamamoto, E. A., Koike, S., Luther, M. N., Dennis, L. E., Lim, M. M., Raskind, M. A., Pagulayan, K. F., Iliff, J. J., Peskind, E. R., & Piantino, J. A. (2024) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2023.0505 · Cited by 12
“19,21 While previous studies in rodents have suggested an association between chronic neuroinflammation and imp-airment of perivascular clearance, 20,22 a link between neuroinflammation and PVS dilatation remains largely unexplored in clinical populations.”
Self-citationNeuroprotection: Surgical approaches in traumatic brain injury
Buccilli, B., Alan, A., Aljeradat, B., Shahzad, A., Almealawy, Y. F., Chisvo, N. S., Ennabe, M., & Weinand, M. E. (2024) · Surgical Neurology International · doi:10.25259/sni_774_2023 · Cited by 14
“[41,58] Consequently, the glymphatic system’s functionality is greatly influenced by pressure.”
BackgroundGlymphatic Impairment Associated with Neurocognitive Dysfunction in Moyamoya Disease
Zeng, C., Zhai, Y., Ge, P., Liu, C., Yu, X., Liu, W., Li, J., He, Q., Liu, X., Ye, X., et al. (2024) · Translational Stroke Research · doi:10.1007/s12975-024-01250-z · Cited by 13
“Aging is a key factor, with studies in aged mice showing that a loss of AQP4 polarity and arterial wall stiffening lead to decreased CSF flow and diminished clearance of Aβ [ 43].”
H2S prevents the disruption of the blood-brain barrier in rats with prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia
Yakovlev, A. V., Деттерер, А. С., Yakovleva, O. V., Hermann, A., & Ситдикова, Г. Ф. (2024) · Journal of Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jphs.2024.05.001 · Cited by 12
Perivascular spaces around arteries exceed perivenous spaces in the mouse brain
Smets, N. G., van der Panne, S. A., Strijkers, G. J., & Bakker, E. N. T. P. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-67885-y · Cited by 12
“Recently, similar findings were seen in the subarachnoid space of humans, where tracer was found in distinct spaces around arteries after injection, suggesting the presence of a perivascular membrane 28 .”
ResultAn Apparent Deficiency of Lymphatic Capillaries in the Islets of Langerhans in the Human Pancreas
Korsgren, E., & Korsgren, O. (2016) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db15-1285 · Cited by 11
“This peculiar anatomical structure, which functions as the prevailing transport system for EIF, has been described in the central nervous system (13,15,16).”
BackgroundMolecular and histological correlates of cognitive decline across age in male C57BL/6J mice
Britton, R., Liu, A. T., Rege, S. V., Adams, J. M., Akrapongpisak, L., Le, D., Alcantara‐Lee, R., Estrada, R. A., Ray, R. D., Ahadi, S., et al. (2022) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2736 · Cited by 14
“…decreased with healthy aging and in neurodegenerative dis- ease (Horgusluoglu et al., 2017;Kempermann, 2015;Knothet al., 2010; Kozareva et al., 2019; Kuhn et al.,1996; Kuzumaki et al., 2010;Moreno- Jimenez et al., 2019) and correlates with cognitive status in humans (Moreno-Jimenez et al., 2019;…”
BackgroundThe anterior eye chamber: entry of the natural excretion pathway of gadolinium contrast agents?
Deike‐Hofmann, K., von Lampe, P., Schlemmer, H., Bechrakis, N. E., Kleinschnitz, C., Forsting, M., & Radbruch, A. (2020) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-020-06762-4 · Cited by 12
Echocardiographic index E/e’ in association with cerebral white matter hyperintensity progression
Lee, W. J., Jung, K., Ryu, Y. J., Lee, S., Park, K., Chu, K., Kim, M., Lee, S. K., & Roh, J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236473 · Cited by 12
“pathomechanisms underlying the WMH progression include chronic hypoperfusion in the brain parenchyma, [4] disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), [5] and dysfunction of the perivascular (glymphatic) metabolite clearance system, [6] which are all pathomechanistically related with the reduced pulsation of the cereb…”
BackgroundReimers, D., Vallejo-Muñoz, M., Casarejos, M. J., Jiménez‐Escrig, A., Gonzalo‐Gobernado, R., & Bazán, E. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22168697 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Kress, B. T., Iliff, J. J., Xia, M., Wang, M., Wei, H. S., Zeppenfeld, D., Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Liew, J. A., Plog, B. A., Ding, F., Deane, R., & Nedergaard, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Iliff, Jeffrey J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annals of Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-09-26
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 845-861
- ISSN
- 0364-5134 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8249
- PMC
- PMC4245362
- OpenAlex
- W2100314515
- Cited by
- 1,521
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 182 · 2025: 186 · 2024: 202 · 2023: 167 · 2022: 172 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 126 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 89 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 26.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annals of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association (12SDG11820014)
- National Institutes of Health (F32 NS073373)
- Oregon Partnership for Alzheimer's Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ion Transport and Channel Regulation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Keywords
- glymphatic system, brain aging, aquaporin-4, astrocytes, amyloid-beta clearance, cognitive decline, neurodegenerative diseases
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Brain, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Female, Male, Metabolic Clearance Rate, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Neuroglia, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton, Mice, Aquaporin 4
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