The Extracellular and Perivascular Spaces of the Brain

A Paravascular Pathway Facilitates CSF Flow Through the Brain Parenchyma and the Clearance of Interstitial Solutes, Including Amyloid β

Iliff, J. J., Wang, M., Liao, Y., Plogg, B. A., Peng, W., Gundersen, G. A., Benveniste, H., Vates, G. E., Deane, R., Goldman, S. A., et al. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003748 · Cited by 5,824 · see citing works

Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier

Abbott, N. J., Rönnbäck, L., & Hansson, E. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1824 · Cited by 5,595 · see citing works

Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain

Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Chen, M. J., Liao, Y., Thiyagarajan, M., O’Donnell, J., Christensen, D. J., Nicholson, C., Iliff, J. J., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1241224 · Cited by 5,411 · see citing works

Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels

Louveau, A., Smirnov, I., Keyes, T. J., Eccles, J. D., Rouhani, S. J., Peske, J. D., Derecki, N. C., Castle, D., Mandell, J. W., Lee, K. S., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14432 · Cited by 4,413 · see citing works

Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media

Raats, P. A. C. (1973) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj1973.03615995003700040004x · Cited by 3,462 · see citing works

A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules

Aspelund, A., Antila, S., Proulx, S. T., Karlsen, T. V., Karaman, S., Detmar, M., Wiig, H., & Alitalo, K. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20142290 · Cited by 2,198 · see citing works

The glymphatic system: a beginner's guide

Jessen, N. A., Munk, A. S. F., Lundgaard, I., & Nedergaard, M. (2015) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-015-1581-6 · Cited by 2,075 · see citing works

Impairment of paravascular clearance pathways in the aging brain

Kress, B. T., Iliff, J. J., Xia, M., Wang, M., Wei, H. S., Zeppenfeld, D., Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Liew, J. A., et al. (2014) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24271 · Cited by 1,521 · see citing works

Untitled work

(1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,512 · see citing works

Diffusion in Brain Extracellular Space

Syková, E., & Nicholson, C. (2008) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00027.2007 · Cited by 1,481 · see citing works

Specialized Membrane Domains for Water Transport in Glial Cells: High-Resolution Immunogold Cytochemistry of Aquaporin-4 in Rat Brain

Nielsen, S. M., Nagelhus, E. A., Amiry-Moghaddam, M. R., Bourque, C. W., Agre, P. C., & Ottersen, O. P. (1997) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-01-00171.1997 · Cited by 1,440 · see citing works

Cerebral Arterial Pulsation Drives Paravascular CSF–Interstitial Fluid Exchange in the Murine Brain

Iliff, J. J., Wang, M., Zeppenfeld, D. M., Venkataraman, A., Plog, B. A., Liao, Y., Deane, R., & Nedergaard, M. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1592-13.2013 · Cited by 1,319 · see citing works

Presidential Address*

KLATZO, I. (1967) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-196701000-00001 · Cited by 1,180 · see citing works

Impairment of Glymphatic Pathway Function Promotes Tau Pathology after Traumatic Brain Injury

Iliff, J. J., Chen, M. J., Plog, B. A., Zeppenfeld, D. M., Soltero, M., Yang, L., Singh, I., Deane, R., & Nedergaard, M. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3020-14.2014 · Cited by 1,159 · see citing works

Brain-wide pathway for waste clearance captured by contrast-enhanced MRI

Iliff, J. J., Lee, H., Yu, M., Feng, T., Logan, J., Nedergaard, M., & Benveniste, H. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci67677 · Cited by 1,148 · see citing works

Extracellular space structure revealed by diffusion analysis

Nicholson, C., & Syková, E. (1998) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(98)01261-2 · Cited by 914 · see citing works

A new look at cerebrospinal fluid circulation

Brinker, T., Stopa, E., Morrison, J., & Klinge, P. (2014) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/2045-8118-11-10 · Cited by 819 · see citing works

Anatomy and physiology of cerebrospinal fluid

Sakka, L. J., Coll, G., & Chazal, J. (2011) · European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.anorl.2011.03.002 · Cited by 816 · see citing works

The blood–brain and the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barriers: function and dysfunction

Engelhardt, B., & Sorokin, L. M. (2009) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-009-0177-0 · Cited by 792 · see citing works

Evidence for bulk flow of brain interstitial fluid: significance for physiology and pathology

Abbott, N. J. (2004) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2003.11.006 · Cited by 786 · see citing works

Ion diffusion modified by tortuosity and volume fraction in the extracellular microenvironment of the rat cerebellum.

Nicholson, C., & Phillips, J. M. (1981) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1981.sp013981 · Cited by 785 · see citing works

Evidence for a ‘Paravascular’ fluid circulation in the mammalian central nervous system, provided by the rapid distribution of tracer protein throughout the brain from the subarachnoid space

Rennels, M. L., Gregory, T. F., Blaumanis, O. R., Fujimoto, K., & Grady, P. A. (1985) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)91383-6 · Cited by 752 · see citing works

SYMPOSIUM: Clearance of Aβ from the Brain in Alzheimer's Disease: Perivascular Drainage of Amyloid‐β Peptides from the Brain and Its Failure in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Alzheimer's Disease

Weller, R. O., Subash, M., Preston, S., Mazanti, I., & Carare, R. O. (2008) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2008.00133.x · Cited by 682 · see citing works

<i>In vivo</i> diffusion analysis with quantum dots and dextrans predicts the width of brain extracellular space

Thorne, R. G., & Nicholson, C. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0509425103 · Cited by 641 · see citing works

Cerebrospinal fluid secretion by the choroid plexus

Damkier, H. H., Brown, P. D., & Praetorius, J. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00004.2013 · Cited by 606 · see citing works

The cerebral effects of ascent to high altitudes

Wilson, M. H., Newman, S. P., & Imray, C. (2009) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70014-6 · Cited by 528 · see citing works

CSF drains directly from the subarachnoid space into nasal lymphatics in the rat. Anatomy, histology and immunological significance

Kida, S., Pantazis, A., & Weller, R. O. (1993) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.1993.tb00476.x · Cited by 520 · see citing works

Physiology of the choroid plexus.

Cserr, H. F. (1971) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1971.51.2.273 · Cited by 514 · see citing works

Aquaporin-4 in the central nervous system: Cellular and subcellular distribution and coexpression with KIR4.1

Nagelhus, E. A., Mathiisen, T. M., & Ottersen, O. P. (2004) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.08.053 · Cited by 513 · see citing works

Diffusion and related transport mechanisms in brain tissue

Nicholson, C. (2001) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/0034-4885/64/7/202 · Cited by 491 · see citing works

Lymphatic drainage of the brain and the pathophysiology of neurological disease

Weller, R. O., Djuanda, E., Yow, H.-Y., & Carare, R. O. (2009) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-008-0457-0 · Cited by 488 · see citing works

Interrelationships of the pia mater and the perivascular (Virchow-Robin) spaces in the human cerebrum.

(1990) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 463 · see citing works

Junctions in the meninges and marginal glia.

Nabeshima, S., Reese, T. S., Landis, D. M. D., & Brightman, M. W. (1975) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901640202 · Cited by 444 · see citing works

Localization of MIWC and GLIP water channel homologs in neuromuscular, epithelial and glandular tissues

Frigeri, A., Gropper, M. A., Umenishi, F., Kawashima, M., Brown, D., & Verkman, A. S. (1995) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.108.9.2993 · Cited by 401 · see citing works

Multifaceted interactions between adaptive immunity and the central nervous system

Kipnis, J. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aag2638 · Cited by 376 · see citing works

Drainage of interstitial fluid from different regions of rat brain

Szentistvanyi, I., Patlak, C. S., Ellis, R. A., & Cserr, H. F. (1984) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1984.246.6.f835 · Cited by 355 · see citing works

Drainage of cerebral interstitial fluid into deep cervical lymph of the rabbit

Bradbury, M. W., Cserr, H. F., & Westrop, R. J. (1981) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1981.240.4.f329 · Cited by 335 · see citing works

Pathophysiological Aspects of Brain Edema

KLATZO, I. (1972) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-65448-0_1 · Cited by 327 · see citing works

Role of pressure gradients and bulk flow in dynamics of vasogenic brain edema

Reulen, H. J., Graham, R., Spatz, M., & KLATZO, I. (1977) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1977.46.1.0024 · Cited by 325 · see citing works

Efflux of radiolabeled polyethylene glycols and albumin from rat brain

Cserr, H. F., Cooper, D. N., Suri, P. K., & Patlak, C. S. (1981) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1981.240.4.f319 · Cited by 323 · see citing works

The “Perivascular Pump” Driven by Arterial Pulsation Is a Powerful Mechanism for the Distribution of Therapeutic Molecules within the Brain

Hadaczek, P., Yamashita, Y., Mirek, H., Tamas, L. B., Bohn, M. C., Noble, C. O., Park, J. W., & Bankiewicz, K. S. (2006) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.02.018 · Cited by 312 · see citing works

Choroid Plexus in the Central Nervous System: Biology and Physiopathology

Strazielle, N., & Ghersi-Egea, J.-F. (2000) · Journal of Neuropathology &amp; Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/59.7.561 · Cited by 307 · see citing works

Diffusion of Macromolecules in the Brain: Implications for Drug Delivery

Wolak, D. J., & Thorne, R. G. (2013) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/mp300495e · Cited by 299 · see citing works

Integration of the subarachnoid space and lymphatics: Is it time to embrace a new concept of cerebrospinal fluid absorption?

Koh, L., Zakharov, A., & Johnston, M. G. (2005) · Cerebrospinal Fluid Research · doi:10.1186/1743-8454-2-6 · Cited by 298 · see citing works

Extracellular space parameters in the rat neocortex and subcortical white matter during postnatal development determined by diffusion analysis

Lehmenkühler, A., Syková, E., Svoboda, J., Zilles, K., & Nicholson, C. (1993) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90503-8 · Cited by 298 · see citing works

Microvessel Organization and Structure in Experimental Brain Tumors: Microvessel Populations with Distinctive Structural and Functional Properties

Schlageter, K. E., Molnár, P., Lapin, G. D., & Groothuis, D. R. (1999) · Microvascular Research · doi:10.1006/mvre.1999.2188 · Cited by 292 · see citing works

Electron microscopy of the vascular bed of rat cerebral cortex

Maynard, E. A., Schultz, R. L., & Pease, D. C. (1957) · American Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1002/aja.1001000306 · Cited by 290 · see citing works

Pathophysiological aspects of brain edema

KLATZO, I. (1987) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00691095 · Cited by 284 · see citing works

Extracellular matrix and the brain: components and function

Novak, U., & Kaye, A. H. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1054/jocn.1999.0212 · Cited by 279 · see citing works

Pathways of Fluid Drainage from the Brain ‐ Morphological Aspects and Immunological Significance in Rat and Man

Weller, R. O., Kida, S., & Zhang, E. (1992) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1992.tb00704.x · Cited by 279 · see citing works

Cilia-based flow network in the brain ventricles

Faubel, R., Westendorf, C., Bodenschatz, E., & Gregor Eichele, C. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aae0450 · Cited by 279 · see citing works

Hindered diffusion of high molecular weight compounds in brain extracellular microenvironment measured with integrative optical imaging

Nicholson, C., & Tao, L. (1993) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(93)81324-9 · Cited by 266 · see citing works

Flow of cerebral interstitial fluid as indicated by the removal of extracellular markers from rat caudate nucleus

Cserr, H. F., Cooper, D. N., & Milhorat, T. H. (1977) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/s0014-4835(77)80041-9 · Cited by 239 · see citing works

Capillary and arterial cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer's disease: defining the perivascular route for the elimination of amyloid β from the human brain

Preston, S., Steart, P. V., Wilkinson, A., Nicoll, J. A. R., & Weller, R. O. (2003) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2990.2003.00424.x · Cited by 238 · see citing works

Pathology and new players in the pathogenesis of brain edema

Nag, S., Manias, J. L., & Stewart, D. J. (2009) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0541-0 · Cited by 225 · see citing works

Bulk flow of interstitial fluid after intracranial injection of Blue Dextran 2000

Cserr, H. F., & Ostrach, L. H. (1974) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(74)90099-5 · Cited by 224 · see citing works

Pathology of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Interstitial Fluid of the CNS: Significance for Alzheimer Disease, Prion Disorders and Multiple Sclerosis

Weller, R. O. (1998) · Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199810000-00001 · Cited by 224 · see citing works

Perivascular spaces in the basal ganglia of the human brain: their relationship to lacunes

POLLOCK, H., HUTCHINGS, M., WELLER, R. O., & ZHANG, E. (1997) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.1997.19130337.x · Cited by 220 · see citing works

Distribution of extracellular tracers in perivascular spaces of the rat brain

Ichimura, T., Fraser, P. A., & Cserr, H. F. (1991) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)91275-6 · Cited by 215 · see citing works

Aquaporin and brain diseases

Badaut, J., Fukuda, A. M., Jullienne, A., & Petry, K. G. (2013) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.10.032 · Cited by 212 · see citing works

Factors influencing exit of substances from cerebrospinal fluid into deep cervical lymph of the rabbit.

Bradbury, M. W. B., & Westrop, R. J. (1983) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014731 · Cited by 211 · see citing works

Bulk flow of brain interstitial fluid under normal and hyperosmolar conditions

Rosenberg, G. A., Kyner, W. T., & Estrada, E. (1980) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1980.238.1.f42 · Cited by 210 · see citing works

Physiology and Pharmacology of the Blood-Brain Barrier

Bradbury, M. W. B. (1992) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-76894-1 · Cited by 205 · see citing works

Rapid solute transport throughout the brain via paravascular fluid pathways.

Rennels, M. L., Blaumanis, O. R., & Grady, P. A. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 204 · see citing works

Sucrose and inulin space measurements of cerebral cortex in four mammalian species

Levin, V. Y., Fenstermacher, J. D., & Patlak, C. S. (1970) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1970.219.5.1528 · Cited by 201 · see citing works

Antigen-Dependent Intrathecal Antibody Synthesis in the Normal Rat Brain: Tissue Entry and Local Retention of Antigen-Specific B Cells

Knopf, P. M., Harling‐Berg, C. J., Cserr, H. F., Basu, D., Sirulnick, E. J., Nolan, S. C., Park, J. T., Keir, G., Thompson, E. J., & Hickey, W. F. (1998) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.161.2.692 · Cited by 193 · see citing works

Penetration and removal of horseradish peroxidase injected into the cerebrospinal fluid: Role of cerebral perivascular spaces, endothelium and microglia

Wagner, H. J., Pilgrim, C., & Brandl, J. (1974) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00690695 · Cited by 189 · see citing works

Role of cervical lymph nodes in the systemic humoral immune response to human serum albumin microinfused into rat cerebrospinal fluid

Harling‐Berg, C. J., Knopf, P. M., Merriam, J. J., & Cserr, H. F. (1989) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/0165-5728(89)90136-7 · Cited by 186 · see citing works

Ontogeny of water transport in rat brain: postnatal expression of the aquaporin‐4 water channel

Wen, H., Nagelhus, E. A., Amiry-Moghaddam, M. R., Agre, P. C., Ottersen, O. P., & Nielsen, S. (1999) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00502.x · Cited by 176 · see citing works

Lymphatics in Neurological Disorders: A Neuro-Lympho-Vascular Component of Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer’s Disease?

Louveau, A., Mesquita, S. D., & Kipnis, J. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.027 · Cited by 175 · see citing works

Brain volume regulation in response to changes in osmolality

Verbalis, J. G. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.042 · Cited by 171 · see citing works

Diffusion of Epidermal Growth Factor in Rat Brain Extracellular Space Measured by Integrative Optical Imaging

Thorne, R. G., Hrabětová, S., & Nicholson, C. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00352.2004 · Cited by 168 · see citing works

Cerebrospinal fluid may nourish cerebral vessels through pathways in the adventitia that may be analogous to systemic vasa vasorum

Zervas, N. T., Liszczak, T. M., Mayberg, M. R., & Black, P. M. (1982) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1982.56.4.0475 · Cited by 165 · see citing works

Studies of cerebrospinal fluid flow and penetration into brain following lateral ventricle and cisterna magna injections of the tracer [14C]inulin in rat

Proescholdt, M. G., Hutto, B., Brady, L. S., & Herkenham, M. A. (1999) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00417-0 · Cited by 165 · see citing works

FINE STRUCTURE OBSERVATIONS OF THE UPTAKE OF INTRAVENOUSLY INJECTED PEROXIDASE BY THE RAT CHOROID PLEXUS

Becker, N. H., Novikoff, A. B., & Zimmerman, H. M. (1967) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1177/15.3.160 · Cited by 162 · see citing works

Clearance of edema fluid into cerebrospinal fluid

Reulen, H. J., TSUYUMU, M., Tack, A., Fenske, A. R., & Prioleau, G. R. (1978) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1978.48.5.0754 · Cited by 158 · see citing works

Rapid distribution of intraventricularly administered sucrose into cerebrospinal fluid cisterns via subarachnoid velae in rat

Ghersi‐Egea, J., Finnegan, W., Chen, J.-L., & Fenstermacher, J. D. (1996) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(96)00281-3 · Cited by 151 · see citing works

Aquaporin-4-Deficient Mice Have Increased Extracellular Space without Tortuosity Change

Yao, X., Hrabětová, S., Nicholson, C., & Manley, G. T. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0257-08.2008 · Cited by 147 · see citing works

On the mode of entry of blood vessels into the cerebral cortex.

Jones, E. G. (1970) · PubMed · Cited by 146 · see citing works

Discrimination between different types of white matter edema with diffusion‐weighted MR imaging

Ebisu, T., Naruse, S., Horikawa, Y., Ueda, S., Tanaka, C., Uto, M., Umeda, M., & Higuchi, T. (1993) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.1880030612 · Cited by 143 · see citing works

Ischemia-Induced Changes in the Extracellular Space Diffusion Parameters, K + , and pH in the Developing Rat Cortex and Corpus Callosum

Voříšek, I., & Syková, E. (1997) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-199702000-00009 · Cited by 142 · see citing works

Drug “Diffusion” within the Braina

Fenstermacher, J. D., & Kaye, T. G. (1988) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb31809.x · Cited by 136 · see citing works

In vivo diffusion of lactoferrin in brain extracellular space is regulated by interactions with heparan sulfate

Thorne, R. G., Lakkaraju, A., Rodriguez-Boulan, E. J., & Nicholson, C. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0711345105 · Cited by 136 · see citing works

Changes in extracellular space size and geometry in APP23 transgenic mice: A model of Alzheimer's disease

Syková, E., Voříšek, I., Antonova, T., Mazel, T., Meyer-Luehmann, M., Jucker, M., Hájek, M., Or, M., & Bureš, J. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0408235102 · Cited by 121 · see citing works

Interstitial fluid flow along white matter tracts: A potentially important mechanism for the dissemination of primary brain tumors

Geer, C. P., & Grossman, S. A. (1997) · Journal of Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1023/a:1005761031077 · Cited by 118 · see citing works

Diffusion of albumins in rat cortical slices and relevance to volume transmission

Tao, L., & Nicholson, C. (1996) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(96)00303-x · Cited by 116 · see citing works

Evolution of anisotropic diffusion in the developing rat corpus callosum

Voříšek, I., & Syková, E. (1997) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1997.78.2.912 · Cited by 113 · see citing works

The olfactory route for cerebrospinal fluid drainage into the peripheral lymphatic system

Walter, B. A., Valera, V., Takahashi, S., & Ushiki, T. (2006) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2006.00737.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works

Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: Head and Neuroanatomy

Trobe, J. D. (2005) · Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/01.wno.0000166060.35366.70 · Cited by 110 · see citing works

Development and Resolution of Ischemic Brain Swelling

Hossmann, K. A. (1976) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66524-0_35 · Cited by 106 · see citing works

Acute and Chronic Cerebral White Matter Damage in Neonatal Hydrocephalus

Bigio, M. R. D., da Silva, M. C., Drake, J. M., et al. (1994) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/s0317167100040865 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

The Human Advantage: A New Understanding of How Our Brain Became Remarkable

Herculano‐Houzel, S. (2016) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 96 · see citing works

The prelymphatic pathways of the brain as revealed by cervical lymphatic obstruction and the passage of particles.

Casley-Smith, J. R., Földi-Börsök, E., & Földi, M. (1976) · PubMed · Cited by 93 · see citing works

Diffusion heterogeneity and anisotropy in rat hippocampus

Mazel, T., imonov, Z. O., & Sykov�, E. (1998) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199805110-00008 · Cited by 92 · see citing works

Blood vessels and tissue space associated with the brain of the rat

Frederickson, R. G., & Low, F. N. (1969) · American Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1002/aja.1001250202 · Cited by 91 · see citing works

Probing the extracellular diffusion of antibodies in brain using in vivo integrative optical imaging and ex vivo fluorescence imaging

Wolak, D. J., Pizzo, M. E., & Thorne, R. G. (2014) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.10.034 · Cited by 85 · see citing works

The nasal mucosa and the subarachnoid space

Faber, W. M. (1937) · American Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1002/aja.1000620106 · Cited by 85 · see citing works

The pia mater at the site of the entry of blood vessels into the central nervous system

Krahn, V. (1982) · Anatomy and Embryology · doi:10.1007/bf00318509 · Cited by 80 · see citing works

Transport of material between brain extracellular fluid, brain cells and blood.

Fenstermacher, J. D., Cs, P., & Rg, B. (1974) · PubMed · Cited by 79 · see citing works

Focal Cerebral Ischemia Preferentially Affects Neurons Distant from Their Neighboring Microvessels

Mabuchi, T., Lucero, J. D., Feng, A. C., Koziol, J. A., & del Zoppo, G. J. (2005) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600027 · Cited by 79 · see citing works

The Movements of Water and Solutes in the Brains of Mammals

Fenstermacher, J. D., & Patlak, C. S. (1976) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66524-0_16 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

Clearance of brain edema and macromolecules through the cortical extracellular space

Ohata, K., & Marmarou, A. (1992) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1992.77.3.0387 · Cited by 76 · see citing works

Afferent and efferent arms of the humoral immune response to CSF-administered albumins in a rat model with normal blood-brain barrier permeability

Cserr, H. F., Depasquale, M. J., Harling‐Berg, C. J., et al. (1992) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/0165-5728(92)90070-2 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Morphology and histochemistry of myogelosis

Windisch, A., Reitinger, A., Traxler, H., Radner, H., Neumayer, C., Feigl, W., & Firbas, W. (1999) · Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y. Print) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2353(1999)12:4 · Cited by 67 · see citing works

Aquaglyceroporin 9 in brain pathologies

Badaut, J. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.10.030 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

BRAIN EDEMA IN THE HYDROCEPHALIC hy-3 MOUSE

McLone, D. G., Bondareff, W., & Raimondi, A. J. (1971) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-197110000-00007 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

Drug Delivery to the Brain: Physiological Concepts, Methodologies, and Approaches

Samala, R., Noorani, B., Thorsheim, H. R., Bickel, U., & Smith, Q. R. (2022) · AAPS advances in the pharmaceutical sciences series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88773-5_10 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Secretion and Bulk Flow of Interstitial Fluid

Cserr, H. F., & Patlak, C. S. (1992) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-76894-1_9 · Cited by 58 · see citing works

Real-Time Imaging of Perivascular Transport of Nanoparticles During Convection-Enhanced Delivery in the Rat Cortex

Foley, C. P., Nishimura, N., Neeves, K. B., Schaffer, C. B., & Olbricht, W. L. (2011) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-011-0440-0 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

The spread of brain oedema in hypertensive brain injury.

Kalimo, H., Fredriksson, K. A., Nordborg, C., Auer, R. N., Olsson, Y., & Johansson, B. B. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 40 · see citing works

An immunocytochemical study of protein clearance in brain infusion edema

Ohata, K., Marmarou, A., & Povlishock, J. T. (1990) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00334505 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

The brain and the lymphatic system (I).

Földi, M. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Evidence of antibody production in the rat cervical lymph nodes after antigen administration into the cerebrospinal fluid

Walter, B. A., Valera, V., Takahashi, S., Matsuno, K., & Ushiki, T. (2006) · Archivum histologicum japonicum · doi:10.1679/aohc.69.37 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

The rapid flow of cerebrospinal fluid from ventricles to cisterns via subarachnoid velae in the normal rat.

Fenstermacher, J., Ghersi-Egea, J., Finnegan, W., & Chen, J. (1997) · Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-6837-0_88 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Focal cerebral edema impedes convective fluid/tracer movement through paravascular pathways in cat brain.

Blaumanis, O. R., Rennels, M. L., & Grady, P. A. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Connective tissue in pericapillary spaces of the human spinal cord

Cerv�s-Navarro, J., & Ferszt, R. (1973) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00684839 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Cerebral Oedema as a Consequence of Experimental Cervical Lymphatic Blockage

Csanda, E., Földi, M., Obál, F., et al. (2008) · Angiologica · doi:10.1159/000157734 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Clearance of infusion edema fluid at high and low levels of intracranial pressure.

Shima, K., & Marmarou, A. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The Brain’s Glymphatic System: Current Controversies

Mestre, H., Mori, Y., & Nedergaard, M. (2020) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.04.003 · Cited by 609 · see citing works

The role of brain barriers in fluid movement in the CNS: is there a ‘glymphatic’ system?

Abbott, N. J., Pizzo, M. E., Preston, J. E., Janigro, D., & Thorne, R. G. (2018) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-018-1812-4 · Cited by 593 · see citing works

Elimination of substances from the brain parenchyma: efflux via perivascular pathways and via the blood–brain barrier

Hladky, S. B., & Barrand, M. A. (2018) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-018-0113-6 · Cited by 206 · see citing works

Waste Clearance in the Brain

Kaur, J., Fahmy, L. M., Davoodi‐Bojd, E., Zhang, L., Ding, G., Hu, J., Zhang, Z., Chopp, M., & Jiang, Q. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2021.665803 · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Fluid Flow and Mass Transport in Brain Tissue

Ray, L., & Heys, J. J. (2019) · Fluids · doi:10.3390/fluids4040196 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

Presentation and Progression of Papilledema in Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis

Liu, K. C., Bhatti, M. T., Chen, J. J.-W., Fairbanks, A. M., Foroozan, R., McClelland, C. M., Lee, M. S., Satija, C. E., Francis, C. E., Wildes, M. T., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2019.12.022 · Cited by 58 · see citing works

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Modeling of the Glymphatic System

Kaur, J., Davoodi‐Bojd, E., Fahmy, L. M., Zhang, L., Ding, G., Hu, J., Zhang, Z., Chopp, M., & Jiang, Q. (2020) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics10060344 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Glymphatic system: a self-purification circulation in brain

Chen, S., Wang, H., Zhang, L., Xi, Y., Lu, Y., Yu, K., Zhu, Y., Regina, I., Bi, Y., & Tong, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2025.1528995 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Shear-induced amyloid formation of IDPs in the brain

Trumbore, C. N. (2019) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.05.008 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Elucidating brain transport pathways and cell type-dependent gene silencing of a durable lipid–siRNA conjugate administered into cerebrospinal fluid

Sorets, A. G., Schwensen, K. R., Francini, N., Kjar, A., Abdulrahman, A. M., Shostak, A., Katdare, K. A., Schoch, K. M., Cowell, R. P., Park, J. C., et al. (2025) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaf600 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Brain Washing System-The System by Which the Wasting Molecule are Removed from Brain

(2019) · Journal of Psychology and Neuroscience · doi:10.47485/2693-2490.1003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Evolutive immunologic and toxicologic approach in some neuroinflammatory and degenerative disease like SM, DA, PD: Imaging and Brain Wasting System clearance efficacy

Luisetto, M., Akram, M., Ibrahim, G., Nili, A. B., Ahmad, K. F., Rafa, A. Y., & Латышев, О. Ю. (2020) · Insights in Clinical and Cellular Immunology · doi:10.29328/journal.icci.1001014

Capture cérébrale de chélates de gadolinium : imagerie multimodale et analyse des conséquences neurotoxicologiques

Rasschaert, M. (2019) · doi:10.70675/24be134az3f46z4a30za655z8252290d88a8

Heart & Brain. Linking cardiovascular pathologies and neurodegeneration with a combined biophysical and statistical methodology

Cobo, J. B. (2021) · doi:10.70675/30456da1z427cz421cz8f26z0ddb10501350

BI-TfR1 CapX rapidly transits the blood-brain barrier for efficient, low-dose gene delivery throughout the CNSPreprint

Chan, K. Y., Lin, C.-Y., Huang, Q., Pacouret, S., Zheng, Q., Harvey, J. W., Brauer, P. P., Johnston, J., Serack, F. E., Davis, J. R., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.09.23.753669

Rapid lymphatic efflux limits cerebrospinal fluid flow to the brain

Ma, Q., Ries, M., Decker, Y., Müller, A., Riner, C., Bücker, A., Fassbender, K., Detmar, M., & Proulx, S. T. (2019) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-018-1916-x · Cited by 210 · see citing works

NUEVOS CONCEPTOS SOBRE EL LÍQUIDO CEFALORRAQUÍDEO: EL SISTEMA GLINFÁTICO

Andros, L. (2015) · Revista Médico Científica

Letter: Review of Cerebrospinal Fluid Physiology and Dynamics: A Call for Medical Education Reform

Giammattei, L., Starnoni, D., Messerer, M., & Daniel, R. T. (2022) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/neu.0000000000002159 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Pathways of Fluid Drainage from the Brain ‐ Morphological Aspects and Immunological Significance in Rat and Man

Weller, R. O., Kida, S., & Zhang, E. (1992) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1992.tb00704.x · Cited by 279 · see citing works

Choroid Plexus and the Cerebrospinal-Interstitial Fluid Systems

Weller, R. O. (2002) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-108-4_10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works