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Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles for Dynamic Imaging and Therapy

Ko, Min Jun, Hong, Hyunsik, Choi, Hyunjun, Kang, Heemin, Kim, Dong‐Hyun·2022·Advanced NanoBiomed Research

Abstract

Multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) exhibit unique properties, such as remote motion controllability, degradability, and diagnostic imaging, which are typically not shown in nonmagnetic nanomaterials. MNPs remotely controllable via magnetic fields offer advantages of high tissue penetrability and biocompatibility. In this review, recent advances of multifunctional MNPs exhibiting unique characteristic for therapeutic applications are summarized, which utilize the “dynamic” motion, iron ion degradation, or imaging‐guided targeting of the MNPs under diverse magnetic field modes. The magnetic field‐controlled MNP motion enables spatiotemporal and reversible in situ cell regulation and mechanosensitive molecule modulation or thermal energy generation. Furthermore, the iron‐based MNPs can produce degraded ions and reactive oxygen species to enable targeted ferroptosis therapy with medical imaging‐guided approaches. The state‐of‐the‐art imaging‐guided “dynamic” therapy using the MNPs that can provide in situ feedback at each therapeutic stage is highlighted. Potential hurdles in translating the magnetic dynamic imaging and therapy toward clinical practices are also discussed. The imaging capability of the MNPs during “dynamic” magneto‐cell regulation enables noninvasive, safe, localized, and on‐demand regulation for the state‐of‐the‐art regenerative therapy, immunotherapy, and cancer treatment.

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Figure 1 Multifunctional MNPs using external magnetic fields and their applications toward dynamic imaging and therapy.
Figure 1 Multifunctional MNPs using external magnetic fields and their applications toward dynamic imaging and therapy.CC-BY · From the PDF
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Figure 4 Magnetothermal cell regulation. a) Heat dissipation by the MNPs under AMF. b) Schematic diagram of mild magnetic hyperthermia versus conventional magnetic hyperthermia therapy. c) Mild magnetic hyperthermia kills cancer cells by activating NK cells via downregulation of HSP 70. d) Chemoactivation of neurons using magnetothermal stimulation. Release of drugs (CNO þ ) from magnetic liposomes can be controlled in response to AMF, leading to neuron stimulation. (c) Reproduced with permission. [77] Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (d) Reproduced with permission. [80] Copyright 2019, Springer Nature.
Figure 4 Magnetothermal cell regulation. a) Heat dissipation by the MNPs under AMF. b) Schematic diagram of mild magnetic hyperthermia versus conventional magnetic hyperthermia therapy. c) Mild magnetic hyperthermia kills cancer cells by activating NK cells via downregulation of HSP 70. d) Chemoactivation of neurons using magnetothermal stimulation. Release of drugs (CNO þ ) from magnetic liposomes can be controlled in response to AMF, leading to neuron stimulation. (c) Reproduced with permission. [77] Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (d) Reproduced with permission. [80] Copyright 2019, Springer Nature.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 5 MNPsfor ferroptosis induction. a) Enhanced ferroptosis by local delivery of Fenton reactants (Fe 2 þ , Fe 3 þ , and H2O2). b) Temporal regulation of ferroptosis-like cell death using magnetic field. Released ascorbic acid (AA) reduces ferric ions to ferrous ions, leading to enhanced ROS generation. c) Ferroptosis-enhanced cancer immunotherapy using platelet membrane-camouflaged MNPs. d) Renal clearable ultrasmall nanoparticle induce ferroptotic cell death and trigger ICD. (a) Reproduced with permission. [82] Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (b) Reproduced with permission. [51] Copyright 2020, Springer Nature. (c) Reproduced with permission. [164] Copyright 2020, John Wiley & Sons. (d) Reproduced with permission. [165] Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.
Figure 5 MNPsfor ferroptosis induction. a) Enhanced ferroptosis by local delivery of Fenton reactants (Fe 2 þ , Fe 3 þ , and H2O2). b) Temporal regulation of ferroptosis-like cell death using magnetic field. Released ascorbic acid (AA) reduces ferric ions to ferrous ions, leading to enhanced ROS generation. c) Ferroptosis-enhanced cancer immunotherapy using platelet membrane-camouflaged MNPs. d) Renal clearable ultrasmall nanoparticle induce ferroptotic cell death and trigger ICD. (a) Reproduced with permission. [82] Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (b) Reproduced with permission. [51] Copyright 2020, Springer Nature. (c) Reproduced with permission. [164] Copyright 2020, John Wiley & Sons. (d) Reproduced with permission. [165] Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 6 MRI guidance using multifunctional MNPs. a) A schematic representation of advantages of MRI for therapy using functional MNPs or activated cells by magnetic stimulation. b) Regions of interest around lymph nodes in MR images for precise calculation of volume of lymph nodes. Prediction of therapeutic outcomes by activated DC migration on lymph nodes quantified by MR images and the correlation between prediction and actual tumor response and survival. c) MRI tracking of MNP-labeled cytotoxic T cells accumulated in the tumor region by application of external magnetic field. d) MR contrast effect of synthesized MNPs and the comparison of R 2 relaxivity for finding the strongest T 2 MR contrast agent. e) A comparative study for the demonstration of enhanced intratumoral distribution of IOs-CREKA using T 2-weighted MR images. (b) Reproduced with permission. [74] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (c) Reproduced with permission. [179] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (d -e) Reproduced with permission. [180] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.
Figure 6 MRI guidance using multifunctional MNPs. a) A schematic representation of advantages of MRI for therapy using functional MNPs or activated cells by magnetic stimulation. b) Regions of interest around lymph nodes in MR images for precise calculation of volume of lymph nodes. Prediction of therapeutic outcomes by activated DC migration on lymph nodes quantified by MR images and the correlation between prediction and actual tumor response and survival. c) MRI tracking of MNP-labeled cytotoxic T cells accumulated in the tumor region by application of external magnetic field. d) MR contrast effect of synthesized MNPs and the comparison of R 2 relaxivity for finding the strongest T 2 MR contrast agent. e) A comparative study for the demonstration of enhanced intratumoral distribution of IOs-CREKA using T 2-weighted MR images. (b) Reproduced with permission. [74] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (c) Reproduced with permission. [179] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (d -e) Reproduced with permission. [180] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.CC-BY · From the PDF
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Metadata

Authors
Ko, M. J., Hong, H., Choi, H., Kang, H., & Kim, D.
Venue
Advanced NanoBiomed Research
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2022-09-15
Volume
2
Issue
11
ISSN
2699-9307
Cited by
29
References
3
Language
en
Funders
  • National Research Foundation of Korea (2020R1C1C1011038)
  • National Cancer Institute (R01CA218659)
  • National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB026207)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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