The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
RNA released from necrotic synovial fluid cells activates rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts via toll‐like receptor 3
Abstract
Objective: To assess the expression of Toll‐like receptor 3 (TLR‐3) protein in synovial tissues and cultured synovial fibroblasts obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) and to investigate the consequences of stimulation of cultured synovial fibroblasts with TLR‐3 ligands. Methods: TLR‐3 expression in synovial tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, and expression in cultured RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) was determined by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting and real‐time polymerase chain reaction techniques. TLR‐3 signaling was assessed by incubating RASFs with poly(I‐C), lipopolysaccharide, palmitoyl‐3‐cysteine‐serine‐lysine‐4, or necrotic synovial fluid cells from RA patients in the presence or absence of hydroxychloroquine or Benzonase. Subsequent determination of interferon‐β (IFNβ), CXCL10, CCL5, and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) protein production in the culture supernatants was performed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Results: TLR‐3 protein expression was found to be higher in RA synovial tissues than in OA synovial tissues. TLR‐3 expression was localized predominantly in the synovial lining, with a majority of the TLR‐3–expressing cells coexpressing fibroblast markers. Stimulation of cultured RASFs with the TLR‐3 ligand poly(I‐C) resulted in the production of high levels of IFNβ, CXCL10, CCL5, and IL‐6 protein. Similarly, coincubation of RASFs with necrotic synovial fluid cells from patients with RA resulted in up‐regulation of these cytokines and chemokines in a TLR‐3–dependent manner. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate the expression of TLR‐3 in RA synovial tissue and the activation of RASFs in vitro by the TLR‐3 ligand poly(I‐C) as well as by necrotic RA synovial fluid cells, and indicate that RNA released from necrotic cells might act as an endogenous TLR‐3 ligand for the stimulation of proinflammatory gene expression in RASFs.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Arnett, F. C., Edworthy, S. M., Bloch, D. A., Mcshane, D. J., Fries, J. F., Cooper, N. S., Healey, L. A., Kaplan, S. R., Liang, M. H., Luthra, H. S., et al. (1988) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.1780310302 · Cited by 19,752
Revised Criteria for the Classification of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Arnett, F. C. (1990) · Orthopaedic Nursing · doi:10.1097/00006416-199003000-00011 · Cited by 7,723
Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-κB by Toll-like receptor 3
Alexopoulou, L., Holt, A. C., Medzhitov, R., & Flavell, R. A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35099560 · Cited by 6,129
Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8
Heil, F., Hemmi, H., Hochrein, H., Ampenberger, F., Kirschning, C., Akira, S., Lipford, G., Wagner, H., & Bauer, S. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093620 · Cited by 3,947
Chromatin–IgG complexes activate B cells by dual engagement of IgM and Toll-like receptors
Leadbetter, E. A., Rifkin, I. R., Hohlbaum, A. M., Beaudette, B. C., Shlomchik, M. J., & Marshak-Rothstein, A. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/416603a · Cited by 1,900
Ohashi, K., Burkart, V., Flohé, S., & Kolb, H. (2000) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.2.558 · Cited by 1,606
Flexible Programs of Chemokine Receptor Expression on Human Polarized T Helper 1 and 2 Lymphocytes
Sallusto, F., Lenig, D., Mackay, C. R., & Lanzavecchia, A. (1998) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.187.6.875 · Cited by 1,542
Novel Signal Transduction Pathway Utilized by Extracellular HSP70
Asea, A., Rehli, M., Kabingu, E., Boch, J. A., Baré, O., Auron, P. E., Stevenson, M. A., & Calderwood, S. K. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m200497200 · Cited by 1,510
Inferences, questions and possibilities in Toll-like receptor signalling
Beutler, B. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02761 · Cited by 1,466
Toll-like receptors control activation of adaptive immune responses
Schnare, M., Barton, G. M., Holt, A. C., Takeda, K., Akira, S., & Medzhitov, R. (2001) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni712 · Cited by 1,365
Cited by
Toll-like receptors in systemic autoimmune disease
Marshak-Rothstein, A. (2006) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1957 · Cited by 1,116
Ospelt, C., Brentano, F., Rengel, Y., Stanczyk, J., Kolling, C., Tak, P. P., Gay, R. E., Gay, S., & Kyburz, D. (2008) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.24140 · Cited by 351
Self-citationToll-Like Receptor Pathways in Autoimmune Diseases
Chen, J.-Q., Szodoray, P., & Zeher, M. (2016) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-015-8473-z · Cited by 315
Molecular and cellular basis of rheumatoid joint destruction
Karouzakis, E., Neidhart, M., Gay, R. E., & Gay, S. (2006) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2006.04.011 · Cited by 167
Self-citationRNA Mediated toll-like receptor stimulation in health and disease
Dalpke, A. H., & Helm, M. (2012) · RNA Biology · doi:10.4161/rna.20206 · Cited by 113
Metadata
- Authors
- Brentano, F., Schorr, O., Gay, R. E., Gay, S., & Kyburz, D.
- Venue
- Arthritis & Rheumatism
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2656-2665
- ISSN
- 0004-3591 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-0131
- OpenAlex
- W1974545869
- Cited by
- 377
- References
- 38
- FWCI
- 11.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: RNA released from necrotic synovial fluid cells activates rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts via toll‐like receptor 3. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1002/art.21273
- The paper
- Brentano, F., Schorr, O., Gay, R. E., Gay, S., & Kyburz, D. (2005). RNA released from necrotic synovial fluid cells activates rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts via toll‐like receptor 3. Arthritis & Rheumatism. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.21273
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
