Individual differences in the effects of mobile phone exposure on human sleep: Rethinking the problem
Open accessAbstract
Mobile phone exposure-related effects on the human electroencephalogram (EEG) have been shown during both waking and sleep states, albeit with slight differences in the frequency affected. This discrepancy, combined with studies that failed to find effects, has led many to conclude that no consistent effects exist. We hypothesised that these differences might partly be due to individual variability in response, and that mobile phone emissions may in fact have large but differential effects on human brain activity. Twenty volunteers from our previous study underwent an adaptation night followed by two experimental nights in which they were randomly exposed to two conditions (Active and Sham), followed by a full-night sleep episode. The EEG spectral power was increased in the sleep spindle frequency range in the first 30 min of non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep following Active exposure. This increase was more prominent in the participants that showed an increase in the original study. These results confirm previous findings of mobile phone-like emissions affecting the EEG during non-REM sleep. Importantly, this low-level effect was also shown to be sensitive to individual variability. Furthermore, this indicates that previous negative results are not strong evidence for a lack of an effect and, given the far-reaching implications of mobile phone research, we may need to rethink the interpretation of results and the manner in which research is conducted in this field.
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Smartphones emit electromagnetic fields, which might affect electrical brain activity on their own that could be reflected in subsequent sleep EEG.
“One additional feature of smartphones is that they emit electromagnetic fields, which might affect the electrical brain activity on their own that could be reflected in subsequent sleep EEG [72,73].”
From Preliminary Results: The Impact of Smartphone Use and Short-Wavelength Light during the Evening on Circadian Rhythm, Sleep and Alertness (2021) · cites this paper as [72]
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- Authors
- Loughran, S. P., McKenzie, R. J., Jackson, M. L., Howard, M. E., & Croft, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Washington State University Spokane (US)
- Austin Hospital (AU)
- University of Wollongong (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Croft, Rodney J.
- Venue
- Bioelectromagnetics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-08-03
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 86-93
- ISSN
- 0197-8462 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-186X
- OpenAlex
- W1966995152
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Locations
- Bioelectromagnetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
- RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- mobile phone exposure, sleep, individual differences, EEG, sleep spindles, NREM sleep, EEG spectral power, electromagnetic field effects, sham exposure
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Radio Waves, Sleep, Cell Phone, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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