Learning-dependent increases in sleep spindle density
Open accessAbstract
Declarative memory consolidation is enhanced by sleep. In the investigation of underlying mechanisms, mainly rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow-wave sleep have been considered. More recently, sleep stage 2 with sleep spindles as a most prominent feature has received increasing attention. Specifically, in rats hippocampal ripples were found to occur in temporal proximity to cortical sleep spindles, indicating an information transfer between the hippocampus and neocortex, which is supposed to underlie the consolidation of declarative memories during sleep. This study in humans looks at the changes in EEG activity during nocturnal sleep after extensive training on a declarative learning task, as compared with a nonlearning control task of equal visual stimulation and subjectively rated cognitive strain. Time spent in each sleep stage, spindle density, and EEG power spectra for 28 electrode locations were determined. During sleep after training, the density of sleep spindles was significantly higher after the learning task as compared with the nonlearning control task. This effect was largest during the first 90 min of sleep (p < 0.01). Additionally, spindle density was correlated to recall performance both before and after sleep (r = 0.56; p < 0.05). Power spectra and time spent in sleep stages did not differ between learning and nonlearning conditions. Results indicate that spindle activity during non-REM sleep is sensitive to previous learning experience.
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Slow oscillations, spindle activity and hippocampal ripple activity are increased during sleep after a learning experience.
“Also, consistent with this concept, at the level of local field potentials, slow oscillations, spindle activity and hippocampal ripple activity are increased during sleep after a learning experience (Gais, Molle, Helms, & Born 2002; Eschenko, Ramadan, Molle, Born, & Sara 2008; Mölle & Born 2009)”
From System consolidation of memory during sleep (2012) · cites this paper as Gais, Molle, Helms, & Born 2002
The Abstract reports higher sleep-spindle density after declarative learning than after a nonlearning control task. It does not report increased slow oscillations or hippocampal ripple activity; the Discussion describes ripple activity in relation to spindles but not a post-learning increase in ripples. The Results report no general difference in EEG power spectra between conditions. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSpindle activity is increased over cortical regions involved in prior learning, positively correlates with post-sleep retrieval performance, and appears to accompany memory reactivations during sleep.
“Spindle activity is increased over cortical regions involved in prior learning and, moreover, positively correlates with post sleep retrieval performance 180,181 and appears to accompany memory reactivations during sleep.108,114”
From Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation (2023) · cites this paper as [180]
The Results report increased spindle density after learning, greatest at the frontal Fz electrode, and a positive correlation with recall performance after sleep. Neither the Results nor Discussion establishes that the increase occurred over cortical regions involved in the prior learning task. The separate citations 108 and 114 attach to the memory-reactivation clause, so that clause is not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIntense learning of declarative memories (word pairs or virtual maze) increases the number of spindles (12-15 Hz) during subsequent sleep, particularly in the early part of the night.
“Intense learning of declarative memories (word pairs or virtual maze) increases the number of spindles (12-15 Hz) during subsequent sleep, particularly in the early part of the night (432, 812).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [432]
The Subjects and procedures section describes 60 minutes of learning word pairs, and the Abstract reports higher spindle density during subsequent sleep, with the largest effect in the first 90 minutes. The Discussion identifies 12–15 Hz as the spindle frequency band. This paper does not report a virtual-maze learning task, so that part of the sentence is not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Gais, S., Mölle, M., Helms, K., & Born, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- ORCID
- Mölle, Matthias
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2002-08-01
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 6830-6834
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6758170
- OpenAlex
- W1803658430
- Semantic Scholar
- 77119a0e51cdabd17d9da077081bc9a6d2fac148
- Cited by
- 859
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 6.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- sleep spindles, sleep spindle density, declarative memory consolidation, NREM sleep, stage 2 sleep, EEG power spectra, memory retrieval, cognitive strain, nocturnal sleep
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cognition, Electroencephalography, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Learning, Male, Memory, Photic Stimulation, Sleep, Sleep Stages, Sleep, REM
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