The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 80 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Animal evolution during domestication: the domesticated fox as a model
Open accessAbstract
We review the evolution of domestic animals, emphasizing the effect of the earliest steps of domestication on its course. Using the first domesticated species, the dog ( Canis familiaris ), for illustration, we describe the evolutionary peculiarities during the historical domestication, such as the high level and wide range of diversity. We suggest that the process of earliest domestication via unconscious and later conscious selection of human‐defined behavioral traits may accelerate phenotypic variations. The review is based on the results of a long‐term experiment designed to reproduce early mammalian domestication in the silver fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) selected for tameability or amenability to domestication. We describe changes in behavior, morphology and physiology that appeared in the fox during its selection for tameability, which were similar to those observed in the domestic dog. Based on the data of the fox experiment and survey of relevant data, we discuss the developmental, genetic and possible molecular genetic mechanisms underlying these changes. We ascribe the causative role in evolutionary transformation of domestic animals to the selection for behavior and to the neurospecific regulatory genes it affects.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Wild foxes, which are aggressive toward humans, started exhibiting traits typical for domesticated dogs.They approached humans eagerly, wagged their tails and played with the experimenters.37”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“The process of ‘feminization’ (reduction of androgen levels and rise in estrogen levels [21]) is often associated with reduced reactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis [26], a physiological trait thought to be critical for domestication [17, 27].”
From Self-domestication in Homo sapiens: Insights from comparative genomics (2017) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“the hypofunction of which has been proposed as a key mechanism in the development of tame behaviors in domesticates (Trut et al., 2009;Wilkins et al., 2014).”
From Glutamate receptors in domestication and modern human evolution (2020) · cites this paper as Trut et al., 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Introduction to Quantitative Genetics.
Edwards, A. W. F., & Falconer, D. S. (1982) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529912 · Cited by 21,447
A User's Guide to Principal Components
Leigh, S. D., & Jackson, J. E. (1993) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1269292 · Cited by 3,346
Lin, L., Faraco, J., Li, R., Kadotani, H., Rogers, W., Lin, X., Qiu, X., de Jong, P. J., Nishino, S., & Mignot, E. (1999) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81965-0 · Cited by 2,613
Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog
members, B. S. P., Lindblad-Toh, K., Wade, C. M., Mikkelsen, T. S., Karlsson, E. K., Jaffe, D. B., Kamal, M., Clamp, M., Chang, J. L., Kulbokas, E. J., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04338 · Cited by 2,568
A Use's Guide to Principal Components
Jackson, J. E. (1991) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/0471725331 · Cited by 2,523
The variation of animals and plants under domestication /
Darwin, C. R. (1905) · J. Murray eBooks · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.84435 · Cited by 1,712
Epigenetic inheritance at the agouti locus in the mouse
Morgan, H. D., Sutherland, H. G. E., Martin, D. I. K., & Whitelaw, E. (1999) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/15490 · Cited by 1,476
Maternal epigenetics and methyl supplements affect agouti gene expression in A vy /a mice
Wolff, G. L., Kodell, R. L., Moore, S. R., & Cooney, C. A. (1998) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.12.11.949 · Cited by 1,057
Rakyan, V. K., Chong, S., Blewitt, M. E., Cuthbert, P. C., Morgan, H. D., Luu, K. V. K., & Whitelaw, E. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0436776100 · Cited by 642
Early canid domestication: the farm-fox experiment.
Trut, L. (1999) · American Scientist · doi:10.1511/1999.2.160 · Cited by 626
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 80 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 22
- Herre W. K., 1959, Todays status of domestication research, Naturwissenschaftlich Rundsch, 12, 87
- Bogolyubski S. H., 1959, Origin and transformation of domestic animals. Manual for State Universities
- Postel‐Vinay O., 2004, The dog, a biological enigma, La Recherche, 375, 30
- Ayala F. J., 1988, Modern genetics
- Belyaev D. K., 1989, Vavilov's heritage in modern biology, 155
- Belyaev D. K., 1962, On some problems of correlative variability and their significance for the theory of evolution and selection of animals, Proc Siberian Division of SSSR Acad Sci, 10, 111
- Trut L. N., 1980, The role of behavior in domestication‐associated changes in animals as revealed with the example of silver fox. Doctoral (Biol.) Dissertation
- Belyaev D. K., 1983, Reorganization of the seasonal rhythm of reproduction in the silver black foxes during their selection for the capacity to domestication, Zh Obshch Biol, 42, 739
- Oskina I. N., 2000, Pituitary‐adrenal axis and problems of phenotypic diversity under animal domestication, Biodiversity and dynamics of ecosystems in North Eurasia, 1, 82
- Trut L. N., 1972, Change in pituitary‐adrenal function in silver foxes under selection for domestication, Genetika, 5, 35
- Oskina I. N., 2008, Alterations in the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal and immune systems during selection of animals for tame behavior, VOGiS Herald, 12, 39
- Naumenko E. V., 1980, Problems in general genetics, 12
- Trut L. N., 2000, Phenotypic diversity of domestic animals and temporal developmental parameters, Biodiversity and dynamics of ecosystems in North Eurasia, 1, 119
- 10.1210/me.14.4.506 · DOI
- Oskina I. N. Herbeck Yu. E. Il'ina O. V. andGulevich R. G. 2007.Expression of the glucocorticoid receptor genes in grey rats under selection for behavior. Proceedings of the 20th congress of the pavlov's physiological society. Moscow Russian physician Publishing House. p364(In Russian).
- Buznikov G. A., 1987, Neurotransmitters in ontogenesis
- Kaidanov L. Z., 1989, Animal population genetics, Sov Sci Rev F Physiol Biol, 3, 201
- Spieth H. T., 1974, Genetic mechanisms of speciation in insect, 94
- Schmalhausen I., 1949, The theory of stabilizing selection
- Kirkness E. F., 2006, The dog and its genome, 209
- Romashchenko A. G., 2000, Molecular evolution of Canidae Bsp‐repeats: structure formation and the mechanisms of informational saturation of DNA molecules. In: Shumny VK, Markel AL, eds. Modern concepts of evolutionary genetics. Novosibirsk, ICG SB RAS, 177
- Trut L. N., 2006, The dog and its genome, 81
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 637
Tuniz, C., & Vipraio, P. T. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36522-6_3
Bednarik, R. G. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003021131-4
Chowdhury, B., van Staaden, M. J., & Huber, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00125
De rol van zelfdomesticatie bij de evolutie van de mens
Haaxma, R. (2020) · Neuropraxis · doi:10.1007/s12474-020-00260-5
Evolutionary Mismatches in the Development of Today’s Children
Bjorklund, D. F. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190066864.003.0007
Bjorklund, D. F. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190066864.003.0003
Developing the Evolved Social Brain
Bjorklund, D. F. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190066864.003.0006
How Diversity in Nature Impacts Political Psychology
Rabin, J. S. (2020) · Identity in a changing world · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38270-4_4
Bjorklund, D. F. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190066864.003.0004
Bjorklund, D. F. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190066864.003.0002
The Adaptive Value of Immaturity (or The Benefits of Being Young at Heart)
Bjorklund, D. F. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190066864.003.0005
Urban Swine and Ritual Pigs in the Bronze Age
Price, M. D. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197543276.003.0005
The Coming of the Taboo: Pigs in the Iron Age
Price, M. D. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197543276.003.0007
Price, M. D. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197543276.003.0004
Price, M. D. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197543276.003.0002
Price, M. D. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197543276.003.0010
Clash of Cultures in the Classical Period
Price, M. D. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197543276.003.0008
From Paleolithic Wild Boar to Neolithic Pigs
Price, M. D. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197543276.003.0003
Price, M. D. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197543276.003.0001
Price, M. D. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197543276.003.0009
Hood, B. M. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108686099.005
Petervary, N. (2021) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries)
Are feralization and domestication truly mirror processes?Preprint
Niego, A., & Benítez‐Burraco, A. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/px9hg
Hunt, K. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316339916.011
Taming of the wild: a new method for cross study RNA-seq analysisPreprint
Lobo, D., Godinho, R., & Archer, J. P. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-27674/v1
Tomihara, S., & KANDA, S. (2021) · Hikaku seiri seikagaku(Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry) · doi:10.3330/hikakuseiriseika.38.87
Mangano, S. (2021) · ThinkTech (Texas Tech University)
An etiology of human modernity
Bednarik, R. G. (2021) · Anthropological Review · doi:10.2478/anre-2021-0020
Comportement et bien-être du chien
Chevallier, L., Brun, A., & Tiret, L. (2020) · Références · doi:10.3917/edagri.bedos.2020.01.0341
Gene Expression Profiles Underlying Aggressive Behavior in the Prefrontal Cortex of CattlePreprint
Eusebi, P. G., Sevane, N., ́Rourke, T. O., Pizarro, M., Boeckx, C. A., & Dunner, S. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-146648/v1
(2018) · 11-ая Международная конференция по биоинформатике регуляции и структуры геномов и системной биологии · doi:10.18699/bgrssb-2018-181
Colbourne, J. A. D. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_600-1
Gleeson, B. T. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3856-1
Seaborn, K., Miyake, N., Pennefather, P., & Otake, M. (2020) · doi:10.2196/preprints.18778
How Dogs DomesticatedPreprint
Coyle, B. M. (2018) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/9zxgd
Genetics of Aggression in Nonhuman Animals
Kukekova, A. V. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119057574.whbva016
Silver Fox Domestication Experiment
Dugatkin, L. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_3850
Boeckx, C. A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820584-6.00038-6
(2018) · 11-ая Международная конференция по биоинформатике регуляции и структуры геномов и системной биологии · doi:10.18699/bgrssb-2018-200
Gleeson, B. T. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_3856
(2009) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420078879.ch4
Ren, H., Wang, M., Jiang, J., Fu, L., Li, J., Sun, X., Lin, Y., Mao, K., Liu, L., Chen, C., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1714002/v1
Genetics of domesticated behavior in dogs and foxes
Kukekova, A. V., Trut, L. N., & Acland, G. M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85752-9.00007-x · Cited by 1
Self-citationColbourne, J. A. D. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_600
The Evolutionary Basis for Human Tolerance: human ‘self-domestication’?
Spikins, P. (2022) · White Rose University Press eBooks · doi:10.22599/hiddendepths.f
The Evolutionary Basis for Human Tolerance – Physiological Responses
Spikins, P. (2022) · White Rose University Press eBooks · doi:10.22599/hiddendepths.e
Behavioural biology, conservation genomics, and population viability (Open Access)
Wright, D. J. (2022) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003208471-4
Koller, D., Benítez‐Burraco, A., & Polimanti, R. A. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509526
Range, F., & Marshall‐Pescini, S. (2022) · Fascinating life sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98411-3_1
Ortiz‐Leal, I., Torres, M. V., Vargas‐Barroso, V., Fidalgo, L. E., López-Beceiro, A. M., Larriva-Sahd, J. A., & Sánchez‐Quinteiro, P. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.11.08.515585
Price, M. D. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197543276.002.0004
Price, M. D. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197543276.005.0001
Price, M. D. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197543276.002.0006
Price, M. D. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197543276.002.0009
Toetsingskader domesticatie : dertig zoogdiersoorten beoordeeld
Hopster, H., Lammertsma, D. R., & Neijenhuis, F. (2022) · doi:10.18174/473906
Price, M. D. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197543276.002.0003
Price, M. D. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197543276.002.0010
Keçilerin Evcilleşme Süreci ve Tenneesse Keçileri
KARAGÜLLEOĞLU, Z. Y. (2022) · Artuklu İnsan ve Toplum Bilim Dergisi · doi:10.46628/itbhssj.1159139
Biosocial complexity and the skull
White, S., & Menéndez, L. P. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821383-4.00008-5
Базовкина, Д. В., Illarionova, N. B., Kulikova, E. A., Bazhenova, E. Y., Sinyakova, N. A., Хоцкин, Н. В., Никитин, С. В., Lankin, V. S., Terenina, E. E., Васильевич, Т. О., et al. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000530116
Towards an evolutionary account of the changes in the human pitch vocal systemPreprint
Benítez‐Burraco, A. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/mkygv
Hundreds of independent midsize deletions mediate DNA loss in wild relatives of Red Jungle Fowl
Sharma, A. K., Shinde, S. S., & Vijay, N. (2023) · Animal Gene · doi:10.1016/j.angen.2023.200157
A Putative Locus for Cranial-Size Variability of the Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
Kharlamova, A. V., Шихевич, С. Г., Vladimirova, A. V., Kukekova, A. V., & Efimov, V. M. (2023) · Russian Journal of Genetics · doi:10.1134/s1022795423050083
Self-citationToward an evolutionary account of the changes in the human pitch vocal system
Benítez‐Burraco, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1249727 · Cited by 1
Canine Curiosity: What We Do and Don’t Know, and What Human Infants Could Teach Us
Sexton, C. L., & Lucca, K. (2023) · Animal Behavior and Cognition · doi:10.26451/abc.10.04.04.2023
Czycholl, I., Büttner, K., Baumgärtner, W., Puff, C., & Krieter, J. (2024) · Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A – Animal Science · doi:10.1080/09064702.2024.2317707
West, L. R., & Day, L. B. (2024) · Comparative Medicine · doi:10.30802/aalas-cm-23-000064
Yin, Z., Li, X., Sun, Y.-X., Smith, J., Hincke, M. T., Yang, N., & Hou, Z. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24892832
Putative Locus for Cranial Size Variability of the Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
Kharlamova, A. V., Шихевич, С. Г., Vladimirova, A. V., Kukekova, A. V., & Efimov, V. M. (2023) · Генетика · doi:10.31857/s0016675823050089
Self-citationHa, J. C., Brad, T. L., & Ha, J. C. (2024) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781800624566.0004
Behavior Came Along for the Ride: Sometimes, We Breed for X, But End Up Getting Y, and Z, and …
Ha, J. C., Brad, T. L., & Ha, J. C. (2024) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781800624566.0006
Adaptive Divergence and Radiations: Insights From Evo-Devo
Brachmann, M. K., & Parsons, K. J. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15750-9.00012-4
Bjorklund, D. F. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190066864.002.0004
Bjorklund, D. F. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190066864.002.0008
Bjorklund, D. F. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190066864.002.0007
Shea, B. T. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822563-9.00202-x
Panova, E., Калинина, С. Н., Ilyukha, V. A., Васильевич, Т. О., Балан, О. В., Nekrasova, M., & Stepanova, M. A. (2024) · Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0022093024040136
Does the selection of fox for their reactions to humans affect the decision-making during learning?
Андреевна, М. И., & Kharlamova, A. V. (2024) · Журнал высшей нервной деятельности им И П Павлова · doi:10.31857/s0044467724030061
Self-citationAdult Homo naledi hand skeleton points to life before birth
Cofran, Z., & Kivell, T. L. (2024) · Comptes Rendus Palevol · doi:10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a28
Diederich, C. (2024) · Veterinární Medicína · doi:10.17221/62/2024-vetmed
Does Long-Term Selection for Reactions to Humans Affect Decision-Making during Learning in Foxes?
Андреевна, М. И., & Kharlamova, A. V. (2024) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-024-01738-z
Self-citationThe case for a primary social drive: Revisiting definitions for primary drives
Christoffersen, M. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104696
Parallel evolution between human and dog
Kikusui, T. (2024) · Journal for the Integrated Study of Dietary Habits · doi:10.2740/jisdh.35.3_115
Age, Sex, Captivity, and Tooth Crowding in North American Canids
Welker, M., & Byers, D. A. (2025) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105086
The Evolution of Dogs “smile”: Breed-specific Variations in the Relaxed Open Mouth SignalPreprint
Maglieri, V. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6219576/v1
Guerrero‐Bosagna, C., Pértille, F., Moradinour, Z., Katajamaa, R., Cerezo, M. L. M., Henriksen, R., Jensen, P., & Wright, D. (2025) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.17788
Exogamy, Rites of Passage and Human Self-Domestication
Zhang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences · doi:10.33140/jhss.08.03.02
Mucci, N., González, S., Gupta, S. K., Kumar, A., & Latch, E. K. (2025) · Fascinating life sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17756-9_57
Food Codes” as Tools that Promote the Functionality of Ecosystems: Evidence from a Case StudyPreprint
Farina, A., Biancardi, L., & Ancillotti, G. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5377353
WBSCR Locus: At the Crossroads of Human Behavioral Disorders and Domestication of Animals
Shepelev, M. V., Skobel, O. I., Glazko, T. T., Popov, D. V., Vysotskii, D. E., Georgiev, P. G., Maksimenko, O. G., Kosovsky, G. Y., & Silaeva, Y. Y. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26178549
Functional genes and genetic mechanisms underlying phenotypic variations in wild sheep
Li, M.-H., & Salehian-Dehkordi, H. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-43994-0.00001-0
Reichard, D. G., & Summers, K. V. (2025) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.70028
Metadata
- Authors
- Trut, L., Oskina, I., & Kharlamova, A.
- Affiliations
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- Corresponding author
- Trut, Lyudmila
- Venue
- BioEssays
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 349-360
- ISSN
- 0265-9247 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-1878
- PMC
- PMC2763232
- OpenAlex
- W2119978637
- Cited by
- 636
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 1.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- BioEssays (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH077811)
- Fogarty International Center (R03TW008098)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Keywords
- animal domestication, silver fox, dog evolution, behavioral selection, phenotypic variability, molecular genetic mechanisms, long-term selection experiment, dogs
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Domestic, Behavior, Animal, Dogs, Biological Evolution, Female, Foxes, Humans, Male, Phenotype, Time Factors, Models, Animal, Neuroendocrine Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
