Early canid domestication: the farm-fox experiment.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Features of the domestication syndrome were produced by selection purely for docility, i.e., for a low propensity for reactive aggression.
“Belyaev (1969) showed that features of the domestication syndrome were produced by selection purely for docility, i.e., for a low propensity for reactive aggression (Trut, 1999).”
From Hypotheses for the Evolution of Reduced Reactive Aggression in the Context of Human Self-Domestication (2019) · cites this paper as Trut, 1999
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution
Réale, D. J. F., Reader, S. M., Sol, D., McDougall, P. T., & Dingemanse, N. J. (2007) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2007.00010.x · Cited by 3,587 · see citing works
Behavioral Syndromes: An Integrative Overview
Sih, A., Bell, A. M., Johnson, J. C., & Ziemba, R. E. (2004) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/422893 · Cited by 2,058 · see citing works
Early Developmental Conditioning of Later Health and Disease: Physiology or Pathophysiology?
Hanson, M. A., & Gluckman, P. D. (2014) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00029.2013 · Cited by 1,188 · see citing works
Genes, evolution, and personality
Bouchard, T. J., & Loehlin, J. C. (2001) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1012294324713 · Cited by 1,085 · see citing works
Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A., & Beedle, A. S. (2007) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.20590 · Cited by 1,006 · see citing works
Human-like social skills in dogs?
Hare, B., & Tomasello, M. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.07.003 · Cited by 967 · see citing works
Wilkins, A. S., Wrangham, R. W., & Fitch, W. T. (2014) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.114.165423 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Cooperative Breeding and Human Cognitive Evolution
Burkart, J. M., Hrdy, S. B., & Van Schaik, C. P. (2009) · Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.20222 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
From wild animals to domestic pets, an evolutionary view of domestication
Driscoll, C. A., Macdonald, D. W., & O'Brien, S. J. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0901586106 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Behavioral development in animals undergoing domestication
Price, E. O. (1999) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(99)00087-8 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
The Evolution of Animal Domestication
Larson, G., & Fuller, D. Q. (2014) · Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135813 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Animal evolution during domestication: the domesticated fox as a model
Trut, L., Oskina, I., & Kharlamova, A. (2009) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.200800070 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Self-citationHare, B., Wobber, V., & Wrangham, R. (2012) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.12.007 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Future directions in behavioural syndromes research
Bell, A. M. (2006) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0199 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Cattle Before Crops: The Beginnings of Food Production in Africa
Marshall, F., & Hildebrand, E. (2002) · Journal of World Prehistory · doi:10.1023/a:1019954903395 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Survival of the Friendliest: <i>Homo sapiens</i> Evolved via Selection for Prosociality
Hare, B. (2017) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044201 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
A comparative analysis of animals' understanding of the human pointing gesture
Miklósi, Á., & Soproni, K. (2005) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-005-0008-1 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Two types of aggression in human evolution.
Wrangham, R. W. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1713611115 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Predator-induced natural selection on temperament in bighorn ewes
Réale, D. J. F., & Festa‐Bianchet, M. (2003) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.2003.2100 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Zeder, M. A. (2012) · Journal of Anthropological Research · doi:10.3998/jar.0521004.0068.201 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Agricultural Origins and Frontiers in South Asia: A Working Synthesis
Fuller, D. Q. (2006) · Journal of World Prehistory · doi:10.1007/s10963-006-9006-8 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Social Cognitive Evolution in Captive Foxes Is a Correlated By-Product of Experimental Domestication
Hare, B., Plyusnina, I., Ignacio, N., Schepina, O., Stepika, A., Wrangham, R., & Trut, L. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.040 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat did domestication do to dogs? A new account of dogs' sensitivity to human actions
Udell, M. A. R., Dorey, N. R., & Wynne, C. D. L. (2009) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00104.x · Cited by 336 · see citing works
How Nature-Based Tourism Might Increase Prey Vulnerability to Predators
Geffroy, B., Samia, D. S. M., Bessa, E., & Blumstein, D. T. (2015) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2015.09.010 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Haidt, J., & Kesebir, S. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002022 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Pathways to Animal Domestication
Zeder, M. A. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139019514.013 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
The Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids
(2004) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515562.001.0001 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
A population genetics view of animal domestication
Larson, G., & Bürger, J. (2013) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2013.01.003 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Behavioral syndromes and the evolution of correlated behavior in zebrafish
Moretz, J. A., Martins, E. P., & Robison, B. D. (2007) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arm011 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Animal domestication in the era of ancient genomics
Frantz, L., Bradley, D. G., Larson, G., & Orlando, L. (2020) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-020-0225-0 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Cieslak, M., Reißmann, M., Hofreiter, M., & Ludwig, A. (2011) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00177.x · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Domesticating animals in Africa: implications of genetic and archaeological findings
Gifford-Gonzalez, D., & Hanotte, O. (2011) · Journal of World Prehistory · doi:10.1007/s10963-010-9042-2 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
The effects of captivity on the morphology of captive, domesticated and feral mammals
O’Regan, H. J., & Kitchener, A. C. (2005) · Mammal Review · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2005.00070.x · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Cognitive consequences of cooperative breeding in primates?
Burkart, J. M., & van Schaik, C. P. (2009) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-009-0263-7 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
From genes to aggressive behavior: the role of serotonergic system
Popova, N. K. (2006) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.20412 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Cucchi, T., Hulme‐Beaman, A., Yuan, J., & Dobney, K. M. (2010) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.07.024 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Hayes, S. C., Hofmann, S. G., & Ciarrochi, J. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101908 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Social Modulation of Androgens in Vertebrates: Mechanisms and Function
Oliveira, R. F. (2004) · Advances in the study of behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-3454(04)34005-2 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Domestication as a model system for niche construction theory
Zeder, M. A. (2016) · Evolutionary Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10682-015-9801-8 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Mayberry, R. I., & Kluender, R. (2017) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728917000724 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Sánchez-Villagra, M. R., Geiger, M., & Schneider, R. A. (2016) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.160107 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Human domestication reconsidered.
Leach, H. M. (2003) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/368119 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
The history of farm foxes undermines the animal domestication syndrome
Lord, K. A., Larson, G., Coppinger, R. P., & Karlsson, E. K. (2020) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.011 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
EquiFACS: The Equine Facial Action Coding System
Wathan, J., Burrows, A. M., Waller, B. M., & McComb, K. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131738 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Pendleton, A. L., Shen, F., Taravella, A. M., Emery, S., Veeramah, K. R., Boyko, A. R., & Kidd, J. M. (2018) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-018-0535-2 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-domestication in Homo sapiens: Insights from comparative genomics
Theofanopoulou, C., Gastaldon, S., O’Rourke, T., Samuels, B. D., Messner, A., Martins, P. T., Delogu, F., Alamri, S., & Boeckx, C. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185306 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Comparative personality research: methodological approaches
Uher, J. (2008) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.680 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Pet Face: Mechanisms Underlying Human-Animal Relationships
Borgi, M., & Cirulli, F. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00298 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Adapting to the human world: Dogs’ responsiveness to our social cues
Reid, P. J. (2008) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2008.11.002 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Uher, J. (2013) · Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s12124-013-9230-6 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Pleiotropic effects of coat colour-associated mutations in humans, mice and other mammals
Reissmann, M., & Ludwig, A. (2013) · Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.03.014 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Rough-and-Tumble Play and the Development of the Social Brain
Pellis, S. M., Himmler, B. T., Himmler, S. M., & Pellis, V. C. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804036-2.00012-1 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Red fox genome assembly identifies genomic regions associated with tame and aggressive behaviours
Kukekova, A. V., Johnson, J. L., Xiang, X., Feng, S., Liu, S., Rando, H. M., Kharlamova, A. V., Herbeck, Y., Serdyukova, N. A., Xiong, Z., et al. (2018) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0611-6 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationHighly heritable and functionally relevant breed differences in dog behaviour
MacLean, E. L., Snyder-Mackler, N., vonHoldt, B. M., & Serpell, J. A. (2019) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0716 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Culture and biology in the origins of linguistic structure
Kirby, S. (2017) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1166-7 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Genetic architecture of tameness in a rat model of animal domestication
Albert, F. W., Carlborg, O., Plyusnina, I., Besnier, F., Hedwig, D., Lautenschläger, S., Lorenz, D., McIntosh, J., Neumann, C., Richter, H., et al. (2009) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.109.102186 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Smith, B. P., & Litchfield, C. (2009) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.2752/175303709x434149 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Gilbert, S., Benson, A. P., Li, P., & Holden, A. V. (2007) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.03.032 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Drake, A. G., Coquerelle, M., & Colombeau, G. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep08299 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Biology, Context, and Developmental Inquiry
Kagan, J. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145240 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Canine Behavioral Genetics: Pointing Out the Phenotypes and Herding up the Genes
Spady, T. C., & Ostrander, E. A. (2008) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.12.001 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Moore, D. S., Pandian, A. S., & Kosek, J. (2003) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822384656-001 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Murphy, D. J. (2007) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207145.001.0001 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Ontogeny and phylogeny: both are essential to human-sensitive behaviour in the genus Canis
Udell, M. A. R., & Wynne, C. D. L. (2009) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.11.033 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self domestication and the evolution of language
Thomas, J., & Kirby, S. (2018) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-018-9612-8 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Human Social Evolution: Self-Domestication or Self-Control?
Shilton, D., Breski, M., Dor, D., & Jablonka, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00134 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Biology, Culture, and Temperamental Biases
Kagan, J., & Fox, N. A. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0304 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Reconsidering domestication from a process archaeology perspective
Bogaard, A., Allaby, R. G., Arbuckle, B. S., Bendrey, R., Crowley, S. L., Cucchi, T., Denham, T. P., Frantz, L., Fuller, D. Q., Gilbert, M. T. P., et al. (2021) · World Archaeology · doi:10.1080/00438243.2021.1954990 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Richter, S. H., & Hintze, S. (2018) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2018.12.012 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Lord, K. (2013) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/eth.12044 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Wang, X., Pipes, L., Trut, L. N., Herbeck, Y., Vladimirova, A. V., Gulevich, R. G., Kharlamova, A. V., Johnson, J. L., Acland, G. M., Kukekova, A. V., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1800889115 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationA comparison of temperament in nonhuman apes and human infants
Herrmann, E., Hare, B. A., Cissewski, J., & Tomasello, M. (2011) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01082.x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Creel, S., Mills, M. G. L., & McNutt, J. W. (2004) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515562.003.0022 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The Neuropsychology of Anxiety
McNaughton, N., & Gray, J. A. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843313.001.0001 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Wrangham, R. W. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01914 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
An Archaeological and Historical Review of the Relationships between Felids and People
Faure, É., & Kitchener, A. C. (2009) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.2752/175303709x457577 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Domestication effects on behavioural and hormonal responses to acute stress in chickens
Ericsson, M., Fallahsharoudi, A., Bergquist, J., Kushnir, M. M., & Jensen, P. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.05.024 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Boudadi‐Maligne, M., & Escarguel, G. (2014) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2014.02.006 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Elledge, A. E., Allen, L. R., Carlsson, B. L. J., et al. (2008) · Wildlife Research · doi:10.1071/wr07056 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Mapping Loci for Fox Domestication: Deconstruction/Reconstruction of a Behavioral Phenotype
Kukekova, A. V., Trut, L. N., Chase, K., Kharlamova, A. V., Johnson, J. L., Temnykh, S. V., Oskina, I. N., Gulevich, R. G., Vladimirova, A. V., Klebanov, S., et al. (2010) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-010-9418-1 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationGalvan, M., & Vonk, J. M. (2015) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-015-0927-4 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
van der Waaij, E. H., Wilsson, E., & Strandberg, E. (2008) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2007-0616 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
A neurochemical hypothesis for the origin of hominids
Raghanti, M. A., Edler, M. K., Stephenson, A. R., Munger, E. L., Jacobs, B., Hof, P. R., Sherwood, C. C., Holloway, R. L., & Lovejoy, C. O. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1719666115 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Himmler, B. T., Stryjek, R., Modlinska, K., Derksen, S. M., Pisula, W., & Pellis, S. M. (2013) · Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032187 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The role of humans in facilitating and sustaining coat colour variation in domestic animals
Linderholm, A. E., & Larson, G. (2013) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.03.015 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
A new perspective on barking in dogs (Canis familaris.).
Yin, S. (2002) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.116.2.189 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Artificial Selection and Domestication: Modern Lessons from Darwin’s Enduring Analogy
Gregory, T. R. (2009) · Evolution Education and Outreach · doi:10.1007/s12052-008-0114-z · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Dogs discriminate between barks: The effect of context and identity of the caller
Molnár, C., Pongrácz, P., Faragó, T., et al. (2009) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2009.06.011 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Artificial Selection on Brain-Expressed Genes during the Domestication of Dog
Li, Y., vonHoldt, B. M., Reynolds, A., Boyko, A. R., Wayne, R. K., Wu, D., & Zhang, Y. (2013) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/mst088 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Perry-Gal, L., Erlich, A., Gilboa, A., & Bar-Oz, G. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1504236112 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Owen, J., Dobney, K. M., Evin, A., Cucchi, T., Larson, G., & Viðarsdóttir, U. S. (2014) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.12.010 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Reconsidering the evolution of brain, cognition, and behavior in birds and mammals
Willemet, R. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00396 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Badyaev, A. V. (2011) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0548 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The biology of the human–animal bond
Beck, A. M. (2014) · Animal Frontiers · doi:10.2527/af.2014-0019 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The genetic architecture of domestication in the chicken: effects of pleiotropy and linkage
WRIGHT, D., RUBIN, C. ‐., MARTINEZ BARRIO, A., SCHÜTZ, K., KERJE, S., BRÄNDSTRÖM, H., KINDMARK, A., JENSEN, P., & ANDERSSON, L. (2010) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04882.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Domestication Processes and Morphological Change
Marshall, F. B., & Weissbrod, L. (2011) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/658389 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Hormones and the Evolution of Complex Traits: Insights from Artificial Selection on Behavior
Garland, T., Zhao, M., & Wendy Saltzman, A. (2016) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icw040 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
STATHAM, M. J., TRUT, L. N., SACKS, B. N., KHARLAMOVA, A. V., OSKINA, I. N., GULEVICH, R. G., JOHNSON, J. L., TEMNYKH, S. V., ACLAND, G. M., & KUKEKOVA, A. V. (2011) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01629.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationSacks, B. N., Moore, M., Statham, M. J., & Wittmer, H. U. (2010) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04943.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
- Authors
- Trut, L.
- Corresponding author
- Trut, Lyudmila
- Venue
- American Scientist
- Publisher
- Sigma Xi
- Published
- 1999
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 160
- ISSN
- 0003-0996 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2786
- OpenAlex
- W4238728481
- Cited by
- 626
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 2.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Scientist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Keywords
- dog domestication, wild foxes, selective breeding, human-animal relations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review