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Animal evolution during domestication: the domesticated fox as a model
Open accessAbstract
We review the evolution of domestic animals, emphasizing the effect of the earliest steps of domestication on its course. Using the first domesticated species, the dog ( Canis familiaris ), for illustration, we describe the evolutionary peculiarities during the historical domestication, such as the high level and wide range of diversity. We suggest that the process of earliest domestication via unconscious and later conscious selection of human‐defined behavioral traits may accelerate phenotypic variations. The review is based on the results of a long‐term experiment designed to reproduce early mammalian domestication in the silver fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) selected for tameability or amenability to domestication. We describe changes in behavior, morphology and physiology that appeared in the fox during its selection for tameability, which were similar to those observed in the domestic dog. Based on the data of the fox experiment and survey of relevant data, we discuss the developmental, genetic and possible molecular genetic mechanisms underlying these changes. We ascribe the causative role in evolutionary transformation of domestic animals to the selection for behavior and to the neurospecific regulatory genes it affects.
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“Wild foxes, which are aggressive toward humans, started exhibiting traits typical for domesticated dogs.They approached humans eagerly, wagged their tails and played with the experimenters.37”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“The process of ‘feminization’ (reduction of androgen levels and rise in estrogen levels [21]) is often associated with reduced reactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis [26], a physiological trait thought to be critical for domestication [17, 27].”
From Self-domestication in Homo sapiens: Insights from comparative genomics (2017) · cites this paper as [26]
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“the hypofunction of which has been proposed as a key mechanism in the development of tame behaviors in domesticates (Trut et al., 2009;Wilkins et al., 2014).”
From Glutamate receptors in domestication and modern human evolution (2020) · cites this paper as Trut et al., 2009
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Metadata
- Authors
- Trut, L., Oskina, I., & Kharlamova, A.
- Affiliations
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- Corresponding author
- Trut, Lyudmila
- Venue
- BioEssays
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 349-360
- ISSN
- 0265-9247 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-1878
- PMC
- PMC2763232
- OpenAlex
- W2119978637
- Cited by
- 636
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 1.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- BioEssays (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH077811)
- Fogarty International Center (R03TW008098)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Keywords
- animal domestication, silver fox, dog evolution, behavioral selection, phenotypic variability, molecular genetic mechanisms, long-term selection experiment, dogs
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Domestic, Behavior, Animal, Dogs, Biological Evolution, Female, Foxes, Humans, Male, Phenotype, Time Factors, Models, Animal, Neuroendocrine Cells
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