The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 46 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Sociodemographic determinants of cancer treatment health literacy
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Ethnic and racial disparities in cancer outcomes are often attributed to sociodemographic factors, including income, education, insurance status, and access to quality cancer care. Less attention has been directed toward other possible contributors, such as misconceptions about cancer and its treatment. METHODS: Nine hundred fifty‐seven U.S. adults who reported that they had never been diagnosed with cancer were identified and surveyed using a random digit dialing telephone survey. Sociodemographic associations with endorsement of five misconceptions about cancer treatment were evaluated by weighted logistic regression. RESULTS: The most prevalent misconception, “Treating cancer with surgery can cause it to spread throughout the body,” was endorsed as true by 41% of the respondents. The second most prevalent misconception, “The medical industry is withholding a cure for cancer from the public in order to increase profits, ” was identified as true by 27%. The statement, “Pain medications are ineffective against cancer pain, ” was accurately rejected by 68% of the respondents, and 89% of the respondents correctly disagreed with the statement, “All you need to beat cancer is a positive attitude, not treatment. ” Eighty‐seven percent of the respondents were able to identify the statement, “Cancer is something that cannot be effectively treated,” as false. Respondents who were older, nonwhite, Southern, or indicated being less informed about cancer endorsed the most misconceptions. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of at least three of the five cancer misconceptions was unacceptably high, and varied by several sociodemographic factors. These beliefs may increase the risk for cancer morbidity and mortality because of poor adherence to treatment regimens. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
A national random-digit-dial telephone survey of 957 U.S. adults without a cancer history found that misconceptions about cancer treatment were common, especially that surgery can cause cancer to spread and that the medical industry withholds a cure. Older, nonwhite, Southern, and less self-rated informed respondents endorsed more misconceptions.
Key findings
- The most prevalent misconception was “Treating cancer with surgery can cause it to spread throughout the body”: 40.8% said true, 12.9% did not know, and only 46.3% correctly said not true.
- “There is currently a cure for cancer but the medical industry won’t tell the public because they make too much money treating cancer patients” was endorsed as true by 27.3%, with 14.3% unsure and 58.5% correctly rejecting it.
- For the other statements: “Pain medications are not effective…” was true for 19.0%, unsure for 13.2%, and correctly rejected by 67.8%; “All you need to beat cancer is a positive attitude, not treatment” was true for 6.6%, unsure for 4.5%, and correctly rejected by 89.0%; “Cancer is something that cannot be effectively treated” was true for 7.0%, unsure for 5.7%, and correctly rejected by 87.3%.
- The mean combined misconception score was 1.3 overall; higher education and income were associated with more accurate responses, whereas respondents who were nonwhite, aged ≥65 years, Southern residents, and those reporting being not very or not at all informed about cancer had the highest misconception scores.
Methods
- A random digit dialing telephone survey was conducted November 4–17, 2002 by the American Cancer Society, Prevention magazine, and the Discovery Health channel; of 1002 completers, 45 with a prior cancer diagnosis were removed, leaving 957 U.S. adults with no cancer history.
- The survey assessed five cancer treatment misconception statements with response categories True, False, or Don’t Know; the sample was weighted to national parameters for gender, age, education, race, Hispanic origin, and U.S. census region.
- Weighted logistic regression evaluated associations between each misconception and sociodemographic characteristics, and univariate and multivariate linear regressions assessed a combined misconception score ranging from 0 to 5; all confidence intervals and P values were adjusted by a design effect of 1.10.
Limitations
- The paper states that the cross-sectional design and self-reporting of data are potential limitations.
- The text makes evident that the overall response rate was 35%, based on a 75% contact rate, 50% cooperation rate, and 94% survey completion rate, and that the survey was limited to continental U.S. telephone households.
- The analyses rely on self-rated cancer knowledge and cannot establish causality between sociodemographic factors and misconceptions.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 of 46 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
People who reported being not at all informed about cancer were more likely to agree that treating cancer with surgery can cause it to spread throughout the body.
“as were people of other race/ethnicity and people who reported being not at all informed about cancer.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Only one-fourth of respondents did not believe in any of the five cancer treatment misconceptions.
“Only one-fourth of the respondents did not believe in any of the five cancer treatment misconceptions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
People with at least some college education were most likely to say that the statement that surgery could spread cancer was not true.
“People with at least some college education and those in higher income brackets were most likely to say that the statement that surgery could spread cancer was not true”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The mean misconception score overall was 1.3.
“The mean misconception score (1.3 overall) differed by most sociodemographic characteristics”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Among U.S. adults with no history of cancer surveyed in 2002, 41% endorsed the misconception that treating cancer with surgery can cause it to spread throughout the body.
“Almost 41% of the participants believed this statement to be true and an additional 13% indicated that they did not know.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
Among surveyed U.S. adults with no history of cancer, 89% identified as false the statement that all you need to beat cancer is a positive attitude, not treatment.
“Few people (7%) believed the second misconception statement (All you need to beat cancer is a positive attitude, not treatment) and 5% responded that they did not know.The majority (89%) of participants identified this statement as false”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Among surveyed U.S. adults with no history of cancer, 27% agreed that there is currently a cure for cancer but the medical industry will not tell the public because it makes too much money treating cancer patients.
“More than one-fourth (27%) of the people in this survey agreed with this statement, 14% indicated that were not sure, and 59% correctly believed this statement to be false”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Higher education and income levels were associated with more accurate responses.
“with higher education and income levels being associated with more accurate responses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Among surveyed U.S. adults with no history of cancer, 68% identified as false the statement that pain medications are not effective in reducing cancer pain.
“Nineteen percent of participants endorsed the first misconception statement (Pain medications are not effective in reducing the amount of pain people have from cancer) whereas 13% indicated that they did not know and 68% identified this statement as false”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Compared with high school graduates, people with less than a high school education were more likely to agree that a cure exists but the medical industry withholds it.
“Compared with people who graduated from high school, people with less than a high school education were more likely to agree with this statement”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Men were more likely than women to agree that treating cancer with surgery can cause it to spread throughout the body.
“Men were more likely than women to agree with this statement”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
People of other race/ethnicity were more likely to agree that treating cancer with surgery can cause it to spread throughout the body.
“as were people of other race/ethnicity and people who reported being not at all informed about cancer.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
People in higher income brackets were most likely to say that the statement that surgery could spread cancer was not true.
“People with at least some college education and those in higher income brackets were most likely to say that the statement that surgery could spread cancer was not true”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
People with low self-rated cancer knowledge were most likely to agree that cancer is something that cannot be effectively treated.
“Hispanics and people with low self-rated cancer knowledge were the most likely to agree with this statement”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Only 46% of respondents recognized the statement that treating cancer with surgery can cause it to spread throughout the body as incorrect.
“Only 46% of respondents recognized this statement as incorrect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Forty-two percent of individuals either believed or were unsure about the fourth statement (There is currently a cure for cancer but the medical industry won't tell the public about it because they make too much money treating cancer patients).
“Forty-two percent of individuals either believed or were unsure about the fourth statement (There is currently a cure for cancer but the medical industry won't tell the public about it because they make too much money treating cancer patients).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Thirteen percent of respondents either agreed with the second misconception (All you need to beat cancer is a positive attitude, not treatment) or were uncertain whether this was true.
“Thirteen percent of respondents either agreed with the second misconception (All you need to beat cancer is a positive attitude, not treatment) or were uncertain whether this was true.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
African Americans in the current study were mistrustful about cancer surgery.
“For example, African Americans in the current study were mistrustful about cancer surgery, as has been reported previously, 14”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
This national telephone survey of 957 U.S. adults indicated that many people harbor at least one misconception regarding cancer treatment.
“This national telephone survey of 957 U.S. adults indicated that many people harbor Ն 1 misconceptions regarding cancer treatment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No particular region within the United States was consistently more knowledgeable regarding these cancer myths than another.
“No particular region within the United States was consistently more knowledgeable regarding these cancer myths than another.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
College graduates were more likely to judge the pain medication statement as incorrect.
“College graduates and residents of the northeastern United States were more likely to judge this statement as incorrect”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Residents of the midwestern United States were least likely to agree that cancer is something that cannot be effectively treated.
“whereas residents of the midwestern United States were least likely to agree”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The most common misconception in the study was the third statement (Treating cancer with surgery can cause it to spread throughout the body).
“The most common misconception in our study was the third statement (Treating cancer with surgery can cause it to spread throughout the body).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Significant differences in prevalence of endorsement were observed among individuals who rated their own cancer health literacy as very informed, somewhat informed, or not very informed for only one of the five misconceptions in the survey.
“We observed significant differences in prevalence of endorsement among individuals who rated their own cancer health literacy as very informed, somewhat informed, or not very informed for only one of the five misconceptions in our survey.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Thirteen percent of respondents agreed with or were uncertain about the fifth statement (Cancer is something that cannot be effectively treated).
“Thirteen percent of respondents agreed with or were uncertain about the fifth statement (Cancer is something that cannot be effectively treated).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Except for education and other race/ethnicity, belief in the conspiracy theory that a cure exists but is withheld was similarly common across all levels of each demographic characteristic.
“Except for education and other race/ethnicity, belief in this conspiracy theory was similarly common across all levels of each demographic characteristic.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The misconception that all you need to beat cancer is a positive attitude was most prevalent among those who said they were not at all informed about cancer (33%).
“This misconception was most prevalent among those who said they were not at all informed about cancer (33%).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Individuals who rated their knowledge as not at all informed were significantly more likely to endorse four of the five misconceptions in the survey.
“They were significantly more likely to endorse four of the five misconceptions in the survey.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Older individuals were more likely to consider pain medications ineffective in treating cancer pain.
“Older and poorer individuals also were more likely to consider pain medications ineffective”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Other racial/ethnic groups were more likely to agree that all you need to beat cancer is a positive attitude, not treatment.
“Hispanic and other racial/ethnic groups also were more likely to agree with this statement”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Poorer individuals were more likely to consider pain medications ineffective in treating cancer pain.
“Older and poorer individuals also were more likely to consider pain medications ineffective”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Individuals who rated their knowledge as not at all informed were generally quite accurate when rating their own health literacy.
“However, individuals who rated their knowledge as not at all informed were generally quite accurate when rating their own health literacy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
People who attended college were more likely to disagree that a cure exists but the medical industry withholds it.
“whereas people who attended college were more likely to disagree”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
32% of respondents agreed with or were uncertain about the statement that pain medications are not effective in reducing cancer pain.
“As illustrated by the results of our survey in which 32% of respondents agreed with or were uncertain about the first statement”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Hispanic groups were more likely to agree that all you need to beat cancer is a positive attitude, not treatment.
“Hispanic and other racial/ethnic groups also were more likely to agree with this statement”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Individuals of other race/ethnicity were more likely than whites to consider pain medications ineffective in treating cancer pain.
“Compared with whites, Hispanics and individuals of other race/ethnicity were more likely to consider pain medications ineffective in treating cancer pain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
People who said they were not at all informed about cancer were more likely to consider pain medications ineffective in treating cancer pain.
“as were people who reported no family history of cancer and those who said they were not at all informed about cancer.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Residents of the northeastern United States were more likely to judge the pain medication statement as incorrect.
“College graduates and residents of the northeastern United States were more likely to judge this statement as incorrect”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Midwesterners were least likely to express fatalism about cancer treatment.
“midwesterners were least likely to express fatalism about cancer treatment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Hispanics were more likely than whites to consider pain medications ineffective in treating cancer pain.
“Compared with whites, Hispanics and individuals of other race/ethnicity were more likely to consider pain medications ineffective in treating cancer pain.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
People who reported no family history of cancer were more likely to agree that all you need to beat cancer is a positive attitude, not treatment.
“as were people who reported no family history of cancer and residents of the western United States”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Southerners were least likely to believe that a positive attitude could control cancer.
“southerners were least likely to believe that a positive attitude could control cancer”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
No single profile of individuals with low health literacy completely explains the sociodemographic variations in the prevalence of these misconceptions.
“It is noteworthy that no single profile of individuals with low health literacy completely explains the sociodemographic variations in the prevalence of these misconceptions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Hispanics were most likely to agree that cancer is something that cannot be effectively treated.
“Hispanics and people with low self-rated cancer knowledge were the most likely to agree with this statement”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Other misconceptions were more prevalent among Hispanics or individuals in the other race/ethnic category, which included Asian Americans.
“whereas other misconceptions were more prevalent among Hispanics or individuals in the other race/ ethnic category, which included Asian Americans.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
African Americans were less likely than whites and Hispanics to reject the conspiracy misconception.
“In addition, African Americans were less likely than whites and His-panics to reject this misconception”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The explanation for the conspiracy misconception is supported by its strong association with education.
“This explanation for the conspiracy misconception is supported by its strong association with education.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
People who reported no family history of cancer were more likely to consider pain medications ineffective in treating cancer pain.
“as were people who reported no family history of cancer and those who said they were not at all informed about cancer.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Residents of the western United States were more likely to agree that all you need to beat cancer is a positive attitude, not treatment.
“as were people who reported no family history of cancer and residents of the western United States”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Residents of the northeastern United States were least likely to be pessimistic about control of cancer pain.
“Residents of the northeastern United States were least likely to be pessimistic about control of cancer pain”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
After weighting, the sample was representative of the 2000 U.S. population with regard to gender, age distribution, race/ethnicity, income, educational attainment, and census region.
“After weighting, our sample was representative of the 2000 U.S. population (US Census 2000) with regard to gender, age distribution, race/ethnicity, income, educational attainment, and census region (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The sample of 957 adults was weighted to match national parameters for gender, age, education, race, Hispanic origin, and U.S. census region.
“The sample of 957 adults was weighted to match national parameters for gender, age, education, race, Hispanic origin, and U.S. census region.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
The use of weights in statistical analysis ensures that the demographic characteristics of the sample closely approximate the demographic characteristics of the national population.
“The use of these weights in statistical analysis ensures that the demographic characteristics of the sample closely approximate the demographic characteristics of the national population.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Sociodemographic variations in health literacy, attitudes, and beliefs can result in suboptimal health decisions about disease prevention, early detection, and treatment that contribute to health disparities.
“Sociodemographic variations in health literacy, attitudes, and beliefs can result in suboptimal health decisions about disease prevention, early detection, and treatment that contribute to health disparities.6 -8”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [8]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
The clinical implication of the conspiracy misconception is an attitude of mistrust among a substantial population of patients.
“The clinical implication of this misconception is an attitude of mistrust among a substantial population of patients.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The consequence of the misconception that surgery causes cancer to spread is that patients who believe it may forego or delay surgery that might improve the length and/or quality of their lives.
“The consequence of this misconception is that patients who believe this may forego or delay surgery that might improve the length and/or quality of their lives.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
There is substantial demographic variation in health literacy related to cancer treatment.
“we can still conclude that there is substantial demographic variation in health literacy related to cancer treatment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
A meta-analysis of 26 studies found little consistent evidence that psychological coping styles play an important role in survival from or recurrence of cancer.
“A metaanalysis of 26 studies 28 found little consistent evidence that psychological coping styles play an important role in survival from or recurrence of cancer.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [28]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
Many people do not realize that it is unnecessary for patients to endure inadequately controlled cancer pain.
“many people do not realize that it is unnecessary for patients to endure inadequately controlled cancer pain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The finding that 13% agreed with or were uncertain about the statement that cancer cannot be effectively treated is consistent with the literature on cancer fatalism.
“Indeed, this finding is consistent with the literature on cancer”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Overall, the evidence of a relation between a positive attitude and cancer survival is weak.
“Overall, the evidence of a relation between a positive attitude and cancer survival is weak.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [28]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
The lower likelihood of African Americans rejecting the conspiracy misconception may be influenced by unfavorable views of the U.S. health care system based on personal experiences and awareness of past injustices such as the Tuskegee syphilis study.
“possibly influenced by unfavorable views of the U.S. health care system based on personal experiences and awareness of past injustices such as the Tuskegee syphilis study.33,34”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
- Probably not a substantial claim. 33
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataAmong surveyed U.S. adults with no history of cancer, 87% correctly disagreed that cancer is something that cannot be effectively treated.
“Most people (87%) correctly disagreed with the fifth misconception statement (Cancer is something that cannot be effectively treated), but a modest percentage (7%) indicated that they believed this statement was true and an additional 6% reported that they did not know”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataRespondents who were older, nonwhite, Southern, or less informed about cancer endorsed the most misconceptions.
“Respondents who were older, nonwhite, Southern, or indicated being less informed about cancer endorsed the most misconceptions.”
- Also stated in: § Endorsement of Cancer Misconceptions · plain
“people who were nonwhite, Ն 65 years, residents of the South, and those who reported being not very or not at all informed about cancer had the highest misconception scores”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Endorsement of Cancer Misconceptions · plain
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationAfrican Americans were approximately twice as likely as whites (61% vs. 29%) to believe that resection of lung carcinoma caused spread of disease.
“1 study found that African Americans were approximately twice as likely as whites (61% vs. 29%) to believe that resection of lung carcinoma caused spread of disease”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductown dataOf the 1002 respondents, 45 reported a previous cancer diagnosis and were removed from subsequent analyses.
“Of the 1002 respondents, 45 reported having had a previous cancer diagnosis.As it might be expected that individuals with a history of cancer would have different knowledge and attitudes about cancer treatment compared with the general population, these individuals were removed from subsequent analyses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationMembers of certain racial and ethnic minority populations, individuals with less education, and the elderly are more likely than the general population to have a more fatalistic view of cancer and, consequently, to be less likely to take advantage of health care opportunities.
“Members of certain racial and ethnic minority populations, individuals with less education, and the elderly are more likely than the general population to have a more fatalistic view of cancer and, consequently, to be less likely to take advantage of health care opportunities.9 -13”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenThese beliefs may increase the risk for cancer morbidity and mortality because of poor adherence to treatment regimens.
“These beliefs may increase the risk for cancer morbidity and mortality because of poor adherence to treatment regimens.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Misconceptions about cancer treatment lead to poor adherence to treatment regimens, which increases cancer morbidity and mortality.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductown dataThe unweighted and weighted distributions for gender, race/ethnicity, and age differed by no more than 2% in any category; for census region, the greatest difference was 2.5%.
“The unweighted and weighted distributions for gender, race/ethnicity, and age differed by no more than 2% in any category.For census region, the greatest difference was 2.5%.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductreasoningA design effect of 1.10 was used to adjust tests of statistical significance.
“To compensate for loss in statistical efficiency resulting from departures from simple random sampling, we used a design effect (ϭ1.10) to adjust tests of statistical significance.15”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationAfrican Americans were more likely than whites to express concerns about undergoing surgery recommended by their physician.
“and, for this reason, were more likely than whites to express concerns about undergoing surgery recommended by their physician.14”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductcitationThe systematic respondent selection technique has been shown to produce samples that mirror closely the population in terms of age and gender.
“This systematic respondent selection technique has been shown to produce samples that mirror closely the population in terms of age and gender.15”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataThe prevalence of at least three of the five cancer misconceptions was unacceptably high and varied by several sociodemographic factors.
“The prevalence of at least three of the five cancer misconceptions was unacceptably high, and varied by several sociodemographic factors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationA growing body of research has documented persistent racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in cancer incidence rates, stage distributions, survival rates, and mortality rates.
“a growing body of research has documented persistent racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in cancer incidence rates, stage distributions, survival rates, and mortality rates.2,3”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductnone givenThe questionnaire was pretested with a small group of respondents to ensure the quality of the data.
“To ensure the quality of the data, the questionnaire was pretested with a small group of respondents.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductreasoningThe overall response rate was 35%, calculated as the product of the contact rate (75%), the cooperation rate (50%), and the survey completion rate (94%).
“The overall response rate of 35% was calculated as the product of 3 components: the contact rate (75%), the cooperation rate (50%), and the survey completion rate (94%).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductnone givenThe sample was designed to represent the continental U.S. adult population in telephone households and was drawn using standard list-assisted random digit dialing methodology.
“The sample was designed to represent the continental U.S. adult population in telephone households and was drawn using standard list-assisted random digit dialing methodology.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationSocial inequities can influence interactions between patients and health care providers, and cultural factors can influence health behaviors, beliefs about health and illness, and approaches to medical care.
“As noted in the 2003 Institute of Medicine report, 4 social inequities can influence the interactions between patients and health care providers, and cultural factors can influence health behaviors, beliefs about health and illness, and approaches to medical care.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationNearly all patients with cancer have undergone a biopsy before definitive surgical, medical, or radiation therapy.
“nearly all have undergone a biopsy before definitive surgical, medical, or radiation therapy.29,30”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [30]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
InterpretationreasoningPublic and patient education interventions are most urgently needed in cancer centers, medical practices, and other community organizations that serve large numbers of patients with these at-risk demographic characteristics.
“These results indicate that public and patient education interventions are most urgently needed in cancer centers, medical practices, and other community organizations that serve large numbers of patients with these at-risk demographic characteristics.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Cancer awareness is increasing because of the abundance of information available from media, health professionals, and personal support systems.
- Rests on an assumption: The accuracy of information about cancer varies widely from source to source.
- Rests on an assumption: Even correct information can lead to faulty impressions due to misunderstandings in delivery.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation82.5% of ovarian carcinoma survivors attributed their lack of cancer recurrence to a positive attitude, ranking it first among a host of other possible factors.
“82.5% of survivors of ovarian carcinoma attributed their lack of cancer recurrence to a positive attitude, ranking it first among a host of other possible factors.25”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [25]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe likelihood of believing fatalistic statements is higher among racial/ethnic minorities, those with less education, those of lower income, and older individuals.
“In general, these studies also have found that the likelihood of believing such fatalistic statements is higher among racial/ethnic minorities, those with less education, those of lower income, and older individuals.12,38”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [38]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationThe prevalence of cancer pain increases to three-fourths of patients who have advanced cancer.
“and that the prevalence of cancer pain increases to three-fourths of patients who have advanced cancer.16”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningThere is little evidence to support the misconception that there is a secret cure for cancer withheld by the medical industry.
“There is little evidence to support this misconception.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Investigators would not remain silent about a secret cure because publishing research results is in their personal self-interest.
- Rests on an assumption: Progress in clinical oncology has been somewhat slower than breakthroughs in preventing and treating infectious diseases.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationCancer fatalism has been shown to be a barrier to participation in cancer screening, detection, and treatment.
“Cancer fatalism has been shown to be a barrier to participation in cancer screening, detection, and treatment.[35][36][37]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [36]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [37]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningIndividuals who hold the conspiracy misconception might be less likely to adhere to treatment regimens and more likely to resort to less efficacious alternative therapies.
“These individuals might be less likely to adhere to treatment regimens and more likely to resort to less efficacious alternative therapies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationApproximately 75% of patients with cancer undergo a major surgical procedure as part of their treatment.
“Approximately 75% of patients with cancer undergo a major surgical procedure as a part of their treatment, and nearly all have undergone a biopsy before definitive surgical, medical, or radiation therapy.29,30”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [30]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationApproximately one-fourth of people recently diagnosed with cancer experience pain.
“Previous research has shown that approximately one-fourth of people recently diagnosed with cancer experience pain”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationIn previous studies, 60% of surveyed breast carcinoma survivors believed that a positive attitude could prevent a recurrence of their disease.
“In previous studies, 60% of survivors of breast carcinoma surveyed believed that a positive attitude could prevent a recurrence of their disease 24”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationOptimally prescribed medications and other treatment modalities are successful in controlling pain in more than 80% of patients.
“Fortunately, optimally prescribed medications and other treatment modalities are successful in controlling pain in Ͼ 80% of patients.17,18”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningBecause it is not known whether patients who recognize their limited cancer literacy will ask questions of their providers or seek information from sources such as the ACS or the National Cancer Institute, educational interventions are needed to reduce cancer misconceptions.
“Because it is not known whether patients who recognize their limited cancer literacy will ask questions of their providers or seek information from sources such as the ACS or the National Cancer Institute, educational interventions are needed to reduce cancer misconceptions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Cancer awareness is increasing because of the abundance of information available from media, health professionals, and personal support systems.
- Rests on an assumption: The accuracy of information about cancer varies widely from source to source.
- Rests on an assumption: Even correct information can lead to faulty impressions due to misunderstandings in delivery.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationEvidence suggests that cancer knowledge and literacy may influence secondary prevention, care-seeking behavior, and participation in treatment decision-making among those diagnosed.
“Evidence suggests that cancer knowledge and literacy may influence secondary prevention, care-seeking behavior, and participation in treatment decisionmaking among those diagnosed.39,40”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [39]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [40]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
InterpretationreasoningThe prevalence of misinformation among those rating their cancer literacy as very informed, somewhat informed, or not very informed suggests the need to provide educational information for all people, not just those diagnosed with cancer.
“The prevalence of misinformation among those rating their cancer literacy as very informed, somewhat informed, or not very informed suggests the need to provide educational in-formation for all people, not just those diagnosed with cancer.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Cancer awareness is increasing because of the abundance of information available from media, health professionals, and personal support systems.
- Rests on an assumption: The accuracy of information about cancer varies widely from source to source.
- Rests on an assumption: Even correct information can lead to faulty impressions due to misunderstandings in delivery.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenInformation that exaggerates risk, is baseless, or does not have an actionable message may generate unnecessary anxiety.
“Conversely, information that exaggerates risk, is baseless, or does not have an actionable message may generate unnecessary anxiety.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductnone givenThe cross-sectional design and self-reporting of data are potential limitations in the current study.
“Although the cross-sectional design and self-reporting of data are potential limitations in the current study”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationCertain surgical procedures have been shown to increase the risk of local spread of some cancers, such as ovarian and testicular cancers.
“Certain surgical procedures have been shown to increase the risk of local spread of some cancers, such as ovarian and testicular cancers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationChalmers et al. found that people who were able to meet adequately their information, support, and communication needs appeared to have more reasonable perceptions of their risk of cancer, practiced more preventive self-care, and had a better adjustment to the risk of cancer.
“Chalmers et al. 42 found that people who were able to meet adequately their information, support, and communication needs appeared to have more reasonable perceptions of their risk of cancer, practiced more preventive self-care, and had a better adjustment to the risk of cancer.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningRegardless of its impact on cancer survival or recurrence, a positive attitude is likely still desirable for patients with cancer and survivors of cancer, as it might lead to improved treatment adherence and healthier lifestyle behaviors.
“Regardless of its impact on cancer survival or recurrence, a positive attitude is likely still desirable for patients with cancer and survivors of cancer, as it might lead to improved treatment adherence as well as healthier lifestyle behaviors, such as increased physical activity, improved dietary patterns, and a reduction in tobacco use.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataThe study's results support the importance of patient education about pain control so that all people living with cancer understand that pain is controllable and are aware of medical options for relieving pain.
“Our results support the importance of patient education about pain control, so that all people living with cancer understand that pain is controllable and are aware of the medical options for relieving their pain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationSurgery is a highly effective treatment for localized cancer and an important part of multimodal therapy for many advanced-stage cancers.
“Surgery is a highly effective treatment for localized cancer and an important part of multimodal therapy for many advanced-stage cancers.29”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe information provided must clearly state the risks and benefits of treatment and be structured in a format that facilitates appropriate decisions.
“What is becoming more clear through research is that the information that we provide must clearly state the risks and benefits of treatment and be structured in a format that facilitates appropriate decisions.43,44”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [43]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [44]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationKnowledge about cancer, risk factors, and cancer treatment can serve to give patients with cancer a sense of control.
“It also has been shown that knowledge about cancer, risk factors, and cancer treatment can serve to give patients with cancer a sense of control.41”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationSurgical oncologists are aware of these issues and plan surgical therapy of these diseases to minimize the risk of local spread.
“However, surgical oncologists are aware of these issues and plan surgical therapy of these diseases to minimize this risk.29,31,32”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [31]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
The paper relies on this without support.
Both True and Don't Know responses indicate low health literacy.
“In addition, because both True and Don't Know responses indicate low health literacy, we combined these responses for logistic regression analyses.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Misconceptions about cancer treatment lead to poor adherence to treatment regimens, which increases cancer morbidity and mortality.
“These beliefs may increase the risk for cancer morbidity and mortality because of poor adherence to treatment regimens.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Less attention has been directed toward misconceptions about cancer and its treatment as possible contributors to cancer disparities.
“Less attention has been directed toward other possible contributors, such as misconceptions about cancer and its treatment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cancer awareness is increasing because of the abundance of information available from media, health professionals, and personal support systems.
“Because of the abundance of information available from media, health professionals, and personal support systems, cancer awareness is increasing.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The accuracy of information about cancer varies widely from source to source.
“However, the accuracy of the information about cancer varies widely from source to source”
The paper relies on this without support.
Even correct information can lead to faulty impressions due to misunderstandings in delivery.
“even if the information given is correct, misunderstandings in the delivery may lead to faulty impressions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Investigators would not remain silent about a secret cure because publishing research results is in their personal self-interest.
“even though prompt publication of research results is clearly in the personal self-interest of investigators.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Progress in clinical oncology has been somewhat slower than breakthroughs in preventing and treating infectious diseases.
“Progress in clinical oncology has been somewhat slower, in comparison to the breakthroughs during the past century in preventing and treating infectious diseases.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gansler, T., Henley, S. J., Stein, K., Nehl, E. J., Smigal, C., & Slaughter, E.
- Affiliations
- American Cancer Society (US)
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gansler, Ted
- Venue
- Cancer
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-06-27
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 653-660
- ISSN
- 0008-543X (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0142
- OpenAlex
- W2035937250
- Semantic Scholar
- 02a7ab7344e54fd7b5a6a4238dcbe3057d314752
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 14.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Cancer Society
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Patient-Provider Communication in Healthcare
- Keywords
- cancer misconceptions, sociodemographic disparities, racial and ethnic disparities, cancer pain, medication adherence, cancer prevention knowledge
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Attitude to Health, Data Collection, Educational Status, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Surveys and Questionnaires, Black People, White People
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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