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Metabolic syndrome and hepatocellular carcinoma: Two growing epidemics with a potential link
Open accessAbstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most rapidly increasing cause of cancer death in the United States. Although many risk factors for HCC are well defined, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and alcohol, most series have indicated that 5% to 30% of patients with HCC lack a readily identifiable risk factor for their cancer. The majority of “cryptogenic” HCC in the United States is attributed to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome is a constellation of problems that includes insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Increasingly, components of the metabolic syndrome are being linked to various forms of cancer with respect to both increased risk of disease and worsened outcome. In this review, the authors focused on the relation between metabolic syndrome and HCC. They investigated the increased risks of HCC among individuals with features of metabolic syndrome, potentially worsened cancer outcomes in these patients, possible pathogenic mechanisms to explain these relations, and treatment options for those with NAFLD and its progressive counterpart, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. It is predicted that metabolic syndrome will lead to large increases in the incidence of HCC over the next decades. A better understanding of the relation between these 2 diseases ultimately should lead to improved screening and treatment options for patients with HCC. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
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“non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is predicted to become the leading cause of HCC in the 21st century as a secondary consequence of the obesity pandemic (Siegel and Zhu, 2009).”
From Circadian Homeostasis of Liver Metabolism Suppresses Hepatocarcinogenesis (2016) · cites this paper as Siegel and Zhu, 2009
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Metadata
- Authors
- Siegel, A. B., & Zhu, A. X.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Siegel, Abby B.
- Venue
- Cancer
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-10-15
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 5651-5661
- ISSN
- 0008-543X (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0142
- PMC
- PMC3397779
- OpenAlex
- W1995501999
- Cited by
- 399
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 4.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Research Resources (K12 RR024157-03, KL2RR024157)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment and Prognosis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Lipids, and Metabolism
- Keywords
- metabolic syndrome, hepatocellular carcinoma, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cancer risk factors, oncological outcomes, pathophysiological mechanisms, HCC screening, HCC treatment
- MeSH terms
- Fatty Liver, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular, Humans, Liver Neoplasms, Obesity, Risk Factors, United States, Incidence, Survival Rate, Metabolic Syndrome
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