Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow?
Abstract
The response of the body to a cancer is not a unique mechanism but has many parallels with inflammation and wound healing. This article reviews the links between cancer and inflammation and discusses the implications of these links for cancer prevention and treatment. We suggest that the inflammatory cells and cytokines found in tumours are more likely to contribute to tumour growth, progression, and immunosuppression than they are to mount an effective host antitumour response. Moreover cancer susceptibility and severity may be associated with functional polymorphisms of inflammatory cytokine genes, and deletion or inhibition of inflammatory cytokines inhibits development of experimental cancer. If genetic damage is the "match that lights the fire" of cancer, some types of inflammation may provide the "fuel that feeds the flames". Over the past ten years information about the cytokine and chemokine network has led to development of a range of cytokine/chemokine antagonists targeted at inflammatory and allergic diseases. The first of these to enter the clinic, tumour necrosis factor antagonists, have shown encouraging efficacy. In this article we have provided a rationale for the use of cytokine and chemokine blockade, and further investigation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, in the chemoprevention and treatment of malignant diseases.
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Inflammation is critically implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of numerous diseases.
“Inflammation, as a basic pathological process, is critically implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of numerous diseases.”
From Picroside II as a Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agent (2026) · cites this paper as [1]
Interactions between a tumor and its microenvironment through the immune system are critical for tumor development and progression.
“Additionally, interactions between a tumor and its microenvironment through the immune system are critical for tumor development and progression (2, 6, 9, 58–60)”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
Chronic inflammation is often accompanied with autoimmune disease and cancer.
“Chronic inflammation is often accompanied with autoimmune disease and cancer (2, 4, 9).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
TNF-α is important in early events in tumours, regulating a cascade of cytokines, chemokines, adhesions, MMPs and pro-angiogenic activities.
“Despite the name, TNF-α is important in early events in tumours, regulating a cascade of cytokines, chemokines, adhesions, MMPs and pro-angiogenic activities1,62.”
From Inflammation and cancer (2002) · cites this paper as [1]
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- Authors
- Balkwill, F., & Mantovani, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Milan (IT)
- ORCID
- Mantovani, Alberto
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 357
- Issue
- 9255
- Pages
- 539-545
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2116554142
- Cited by
- 7,746
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 188 · 2025: 275 · 2024: 353 · 2023: 435 · 2022: 445 · 2021: 458 · 2020: 477 · 2019: 442 · 2018: 386 · 2017: 455 · 2016: 386 · 2015: 392 · 2014: 416 · 2013: 372 · 2012: 307
- FWCI
- 7.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Inflammatory mediators and NSAID effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Inflammatory Biomarkers in Disease Prognosis
- Keywords
- inflammation and cancer, Virchow's triad, tumor microenvironment, tumor immunosuppression, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, cytokine gene polymorphisms, cancer susceptibility, tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, chemokine antagonists, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, chemoprevention, cancer therapy, wound healing
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Inflammation, Neoplasms, Wound Healing, Cytokines
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