Cited by 477Memory and Neural MechanismsNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchVisual perception and processing mechanisms

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The afferent and efferent connections of the ventromedial thalamic nucleus in the rat

Herkenham, Miles·1979·Journal of Comparative Neurology

DOI 10.1002/cne.901830304

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Abstract

Abstract The afferent and efferent connections of the ventromedial (VM) nucleus of the thalamus in the rat were studied by experiments using the methods of retrograde cell marking by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and anterograde fiber tracing by autoradiography. Tritiated amino acids deposited microelectrophoretically into VM label a cortical projection that is distributed to a sharply defined superficial portion of layer I of almost the entire extent of the ipsilateral neocortex. The labeling is most dense at frontal cortical levels, where fibers radiate through the deeper layers to terminate in the outer one‐quarter of layer I throughout all neocortex rostral to the genu of the corpus callosum. A lesser number of labeled fibers extends caudally in a supracallosal location to innervate parieto‐occipital cortical areas. Labeled collaterals ascend through the cortical layers to reach layer I, where grains in the superficial portion are found in a gradually decreasing rostrocaudal gradient of density that reaches the caudal pole of the hemisphere. Coronal sections at most levels contain a band of labeling in layer I that extends uninterrupted from the callosal sulcus at the midline to the banks of the rhinal sulcus laterally. Caudal retrosplenial and ventral temporal areas appear to be the only sectors of neocortex spared by the ubiquitous projection. Evidence for additional terminal distribution in deeper layers is found only in the dorsal and lateral sectors of the cortex rostral to the genu where sparsely labeled bands appear in layers III and V. The nearly exclusive distribution of VM's cortical afferents to layer I is compared and contrasted with multilaminar distributions of other “unspecific” cortical afferent fibers. HRP injected into VM labels neurons in a variety of structures at levels ranging from the frontal cortex to caudal medulla. Cell labelling in the globus pallidus, deep layers of the superior colliculus, cerebellar nuclei and the substantia nigra, pars reticulata suggest that VM is a point of convergence for several components of the extrapyramidal motor system. The nigrothalamic projection is topographic: medial and lateral districts of the pars reticulata are connected to medial and lateral districts of VM, respectively. A dorsal‐ventral association may also obtain. Cell labeling in the prefrontal cortex, the cortex along the rhinal sulcus, the lateral habenular nucleus, tegmental and medullary reticular formations, and parabrachial nuclei indicates that VM also receives projections from more heterogeneous sources.

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Background
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Background
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BackgroundResultInfluential
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Method
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Background
Distinct commissural pathways are involved in the enhanced release of dopamine induced in the contralateral caudate nucleus and substantia nigra by unilateral application of GABA in the cat thalamic motor nuclei
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Background
Segregation and heterogeneity of thalamic cell populations projecting to superficial layers of posterior parietal cortex: A retrograde tracer study in cat and monkey
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“Although the latter two groups of investigators maintain that the fastigial nucleus is the main source of cerebellar afferents to the VM in the cat, the possibility has not been ruled out that other cerebellar nuclei contribute to this projection as well (Chan-Palay, 1977; Herkenham, 1979).”
BackgroundMethod
Rigidity and catalepsy after injections of muscimol into the ventromedial thalamic nucleus: an electromyographic study in the rat
Klockgether, T., Schwarz, M., Turski, L., Wolfarth, S., & Sontag, K. ‐. (1985) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00235872 · Cited by 37
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The lateral ventromedial thalamic nucleus spreads nociceptive signals from the whole body surface to layer I of the frontal cortex
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“For example, the spread of the tracer into the ventromedial nucleus in R1663 produced anterograde labeling of thalamocortical terminals in layer I of the cerebral cortex ( Herkenham 1979 ).”
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Regional (14C) 2‐deoxyglucose uptake during forelimb movements evoked by rat motor cortex stimulation: Cortex, diencephalon, midbrain
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“Thus, the inhibition exerted by MSNs on SNpr GABAergic neurons promotes the activity of glutamatergic thalamic neurons, maintaining an excitatory synaptic drive to the cerebral cortex (Beckstead and Frankfurter, 1982; Bodor et al., 2008; Chuhma et al., 2011; Deniau et al., 1978; Herkenham, 1979; Nishimura et al., 1997…”
Regulation of cerebello-cortical transmission in the rat ventromedial thalamic nucleus
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“The VM has additionally been shown by neuroanatomical tracing methods to receive inputs from Globus Pallidus, Superior Colliculus, Mesencephalic Reticular Formation and the Entopeduncular Nucleus ( Herkenham 1979 ).”
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A GABA immunocytochemical study of rat motor thalamus: Light and electron microscopic observations
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“The increased (3H)-DA release occurring in the ipsilateral striatum could be mediated through direct pathways to the SN (Herkenham 1979) or the CN (Royce 1978; Herkenham 1979; Sato et al.”
Influential
Efferent Connections of the Habenular Nuclei in the Rat
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“Similar patterns of jaw-movements have been reported in the monkey after stimulations of the MIoro (Hatanaka et al., 2005) or stimulations of the primary face motor cortex (Huang et al., 1989).”
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Electrophysiological study of dyskinesia produced by microinjection of picrotoxin into the striatum of the rat
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Authors: Herkenham, M.
Affiliations: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
Corresponding author: Herkenham, Miles
ORCID: Herkenham, Miles
Venue: Journal of Comparative Neurology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1979-02
Volume: 183
Issue: 3
Pages: 487-517
ISSN: 0021-9967 (ISSN-L)
1096-9861
DOI: 10.1002/cne.901830304
OpenAlex: W2000437871
Cited by: 477
References: 69
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 15.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 9382 d)
Locations: The Journal of Comparative Neurology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Keywords: ventromedial thalamic nucleus, extrapyramidal system, globus pallidus, substantia nigra pars reticulata, superior colliculus, cerebellar nuclei, lateral habenula, reticular formation
MeSH terms: Animals, Autoradiography, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Electrophysiology, Female, Globus Pallidus, Horseradish Peroxidase, Male, Neural Pathways, Substantia Nigra, Thalamic Nuclei, Rats

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The afferent and efferent connections of the ventromedial thalamic nucleus in the rat

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