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Catecholamine innervation of the human cerebral cortex as revealed by comparative immunohistochemistry of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
Abstract
The organization of the cortical monoamine systems, dopamine (DA), and noradrenaline (NA), which have been studied extensively in the rat and more recently in the monkey, had not yet been investigated directly in the human brain. We report here the first systematic account of the regional and laminar distributions of the catecholamine fibers in the human cerebral cortex, using immunohistochemistry of the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (DBH) in 13 cytoarchitectonic areas (4, 6, 9, 3b, 5, 40, 17, 18, 23, 24, 29, insula, and hippocampus) sampled postmortem. The noradrenergic (NA) innervation, mapped with DBH‐immunoreactivity (DBH‐IR), displayed a characteristic density gradient in the neocortex (highest in the primary sensorimotor areas, decreasing rostrally and caudally) that contrasted with the more uniform density in the limbic cortices (24, 23, 29, insula, hippocampus). NA axons were present in all cortical layers and were least numerous in layer I. The DBH‐IR fibers were only partly TH‐immunostained (10–50%, on double‐labeled sections), suggesting a heterogeneity of the cortical NA axons. The putative dopaminergic (DA) fibers were identified by comparing alternate or double‐immunolabeled (DBH‐TH) sections, as the TH‐IR fibers which contain no DBH‐IR. A DA‐like innervation was present in all cortical areas, with major regional differences in density and laminar distribution, which closely paralleled cytoarchitectural buildups: (1) the DA‐like innervation was densest in the agranular areas, primary and secondary motor areas, anterior cingulate, and insula; it distributed throughout layers I–VI; (2) density was lower in the granular cortices, areas 9 (prefrontal cortex), 23, 3b, 5, 40, and 18, displaying a bilaminar pattern in layers I and V–VI. In all areas, DA‐like fibers were most abundant in the molecular layer, with a predominant distribution in its deepest part. Convoluted and coily fibers represented a unique morphologic aspect of the CA innervation in the human cortex. These findings are in agreement with findings in nonhuman primates and demonstrate major evolutionary changes in the organization of the cortical aminergic input as compared with rodents. The most striking features are the expansion of the DA innervation to the whole cortex and the peak of highest density in the motor areas. The regional differentiation of NA innervation is also accentuated. Slight differences were found in the laminar distributions of the amines in humans and primates. These data seem quite promising and open new research fields in neurologic and psychiatric diseases.
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In the citing paper
“Notably, many if not all regions of the interoceptive circuit in Figure 7, are characterized by a high density of dopaminergic receptors and terminals across all cortical layers; this is particularly well-established for visceromotor regions like AIC, ACC, or OFC (Gaspar et al., 1989; Hurd et al., 2001; Lewis et al., 2001).”
From Allostatic Self-efficacy: A Metacognitive Theory of Dyshomeostasis-Induced Fatigue and Depression (2016) · cites this paper as Gaspar et al., 1989
In the citing paper
“It is well established that the aIns receives dopaminergic innervations (Gaspar et al., 1989) and processes dopamine-associated RPEs.”
From Cognitive flexibility in adolescence: Neural and behavioral mechanisms of reward prediction error processing in adaptive decision making during development (2015) · cites this paper as Gaspar et al., 1989
In the citing paper
“The entire granular subregion has notably high dopamine utilization (Gaspar et al., 1989) with the aIC having high density D1-subtype receptors surrounding dopaminergic terminals from the VTA and substantia nigra.”
From The Insula: A Brain Stimulation Target for the Treatment of Addiction (2019) · cites this paper as Gaspar et al., 1989
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the insula has a high level of endogenous opioids (Gaspar et al., 1989), high density of µ-subtype opioid receptors (Baumgartner et al., 2006), high density of hypocretin subtype-1 receptors (Hollander et al., 2008), and a high level of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) containing the β2 subunit”
From The Insula: A Brain Stimulation Target for the Treatment of Addiction (2019) · cites this paper as Gaspar et al., 1989
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Medial prefrontal cortex predicts and evaluates the timing of action outcomes
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gaspar, P., Berger, B., Febvret, A., Vigny, A., & Henry, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FR)
- Venue
- Journal of Comparative Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1989-01-08
- Volume
- 279
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 249-271
- ISSN
- 0021-9967 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-9861
- OpenAlex
- W2069412440
- Cited by
- 395
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Comparative Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- catecholamine innervation, human cerebral cortex, noradrenergic innervation, dopaminergic innervation, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, cortical laminar distribution, cytoarchitectonic areas, molecular layer, neocortex, limbic cortex, norepinephrine, postmortem brain
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Catecholamines, Cerebral Cortex, Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, Female, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Middle Aged, Nerve Fibers, Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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