The DOI matches its Crossref record; 108 of the 108 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Pathways for motion analysis: Cortical connections of the medial superior temporal and fundus of the superior temporal visual areas in the macaque
Abstract
To identify the cortical connections of the medial superior temporal (MST) and fundus of the superior temporal (FST) visual areas in the extrastriate cortex of the macaque, we injected multiple tracers, both anterograde and retrograde, in each of seven macaques under physiological control. We found that, in addition to connections with each other, both MST and FST have widespread connections with visual and polysensory areas in posterior prestriate, parietal, temporal, and frontal cortex. In prestriate cortex, both areas have connections with area V3A. MST alone has connections with the far peripheral field representations of V1 and V2, the parieto-occipital (PO) visual area, and the dorsal prelunate area (DP), whereas FST alone has connections with area V4 and the dorsal portion of area V3. Within the caudal superior temporal sulcus, both areas have extensive connections with the middle temporal area (MT), MST alone has connections with area PP, and FST alone has connections with area V4t. In the rostral superior temporal sulcus, both areas have extensive connections with the superior temporal polysensory area (STP) in the upper bank of the sulcus and with area IPa in the sulcal floor. FST also has connections with the cortex in the lower bank of the sulcus, involving area TEa. In the parietal cortex, both the central field representation of MST and FST have connections with the ventral intraparietal (VIP) and lateral intraparietal (LIP) areas, whereas MST alone has connections with the inferior parietal gyrus. In the temporal cortex, the central field representation of MST as well as FST has connections with visual area TEO and cytoarchitectonic area TF. In the frontal cortex, both MST and FST have connections with the frontal eye field. On the basis of the laminar pattern of anterograde and retrograde label, it was possible to classify connections as forward, backward, or intermediate and thereby place visual areas into a cortical hierarchy. In general, MST and FST receive forward inputs from prestriate visual areas, have intermediate connections with parietal areas, and project forward to the frontal eye field and areas in the rostral superior temporal sulcus. Because of the strong inputs to MST and FST from area MT, an area known to play a role in the analysis of visual motion, and because MST and FST themselves have high proportions of directionally selective cells, they appear to be important stations in a cortical motion processing system.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
Ungerleider, L. G. (1982) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,531
Mesulam, M. M. (1978) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1177/26.2.24068 · Cited by 4,303
Ingle, D., Goodale, M. A., & Mansfield, R. J. W. (1982) · The MIT Press eBooks · Cited by 4,118
Object vision and spatial vision: Two cortical pathways
Mishkin, M., Ungerleider, L. G., & Macko, K. A. (1983) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(83)90190-x · Cited by 2,947
Mountcastle, V. B., Lynch, J. C., Georgopoulos, A., Sakata, H., & Acuna, C. (1975) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1975.38.4.871 · Cited by 2,061
Psychophysical evidence for separate channels for the perception of form, color, movement, and depth
Livingstone, M. S., & Hubel, D. H. (1987) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.07-11-03416.1987 · Cited by 1,758
AN ANATOMICAL STUDY OF CONVERGING SENSORY PATHWAYS WITHIN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX OF THE MONKEY
Jones, E. G., & Powell, T. P. S. (1970) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/93.4.793 · Cited by 1,717
Anatomy and physiology of a color system in the primate visual cortex
Livingstone, M. S., & Hubel, D. H. (1984) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.04-01-00309.1984 · Cited by 1,637
Newsome, W., & Pare, E. (1988) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.08-06-02201.1988 · Cited by 1,615
The autoradiographic demonstration of axonal connections in the central nervous system
Cowan, W. M., Gottlieb, D. I., Hendrickson, A. E., Price, J. L., & Woolsey, T. A. (1972) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(72)90344-7 · Cited by 1,610
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Baizer J. S., 1988, Organization of visual projections to parietal and temporal cortex in the macaque, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 14, 11
- Boussaoud D., 1987, Cortical pathways for motion analysis: Connections of visual areas MST and FST in macaques, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 13, 1625
- Boussaoud D., 1988, Visual topography of area TEO in macaques, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 14, 202
- Covey E., 1982, A new visual area in tl parieto‐occipital sulcus of the macaque, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 5, 681
- Kaas J. H., 1988, Subdivisions of visuomotor and visual cortex in the frontal lobe of primates: The frontal eye field and the target of the middle temporal area, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 14, 820
- Morel A., 1987, Cortical connections of intraparietal and inferotemporal visual areas in the macaque monkey: A double labelling study, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 13, 627
- Siegel R. M., 1986, Motion perceptual deficits following ibotenic acid lesions of the middle temporal area (MT) in the behaving rhesus monkey, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 12, 1183
- Ungerleider L. G., 1983, Projections of area V2 in the macaque, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 9, 152
- Van Essen D. C., 1985, Cerebral Cortex, 259
- Weller R. E., 1981, Cortical Sensory Organization, Vol., Multiple Visual Areas. Clifton, 121
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–631 of 631
Rejoinder : On Hierarchies: Response to Hilgetag et al.
Hilgetag, C. C., O’Neill, M. A., & Young, M. P. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.271.5250.777-b
The Representation of Complex Stimuli
Tovée, M. J. (1998) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-10408-8_2
Molaei-Vaneghi, F., Zaretskaya, N., van Mourik, T., Bause, J., Scheffler, K., & Bartels, A. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.09.471881
“In the context of this study we speculate that these feedback projections transmit efference copies of the eye movement from other cortical areas, potentially originating from pursuit regions of frontal eye fields (Stanton et al., 2005) or MST (Boussaoud et al., 1990), to superficial layers in V3A and V6+.”
Influential(2008) · A K Peters/CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b10637-30
Acuña, C., Pardo‐Vázquez, J. L., & Leborán, V. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7264-3_26
Jacob, P., & Jeannerod, M. (2003) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198509219.003.0008
Fermuller, C. M., & Aloimonos, Y. (1999) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/047134608x.w5515
(2003) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198509219.002.0004
Introduction: What is human visual cognition?
(2003) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198509219.002.0007
Gundavarapu, A., & Chakravarthy, V. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1154252
“MST cells receive their primary input from MT (Boussaoud et al., 1990; Desimone & Ungerleider, 1986) where the initial processing of optic flow involves computation of direction and speed within a small region of the visual field.”
BackgroundHierarchical Computation of 3D Object Motion Across Macaque Areas MT and FSTPreprint
Thompson, L. W., Kim, B., Rokers, B., & Rosenberg, A. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4494594
Dima, D. C., Culham, J. C., & Mohsenzadeh, Y. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676633
Evolution of the ventral visual stream in primates
Froesel, M., Fitzgerald, N., Zhu, Q., & Vanduffel, W. (2025) · Evolution of Nervous Systems · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27380-3.00047-6
Multisensorialité et kinesthésie : règles et substrats cérébraux de l'intégration multimodale
Blanchard, C. C. V. (2013) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/31d024acz0316z4dc7za32czeff4f77803dd
Vision, Émotion et Santé Mentale : approche neuroscientifique de la dépression et de l'anxiété
Zorzi, L. D. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/948f4593z9cfez4024za02fz2d06c28a075e
Spatial and temporal integration of binocular disparity in the primate brain
Héjja‐Brichard, Y. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/5cc70f79z5093z4528zaac7zd9647c35a925
Mid-superior temporal sulcus encodes spatial context and behavioral state in freely moving macaquesPreprint
Parodi, F., Lamacchia, A. P., Ye, Y., Laamerad, P., Chen, Y., Gardiner, K. L., Tremblay, S., Kording, K. P., & Platt, M. L. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.16.719074
“This possibility is made plausible by (i) its anatomical position at the convergence of dorsal and ventral visual streams, (ii) its inputs from motion-sensitive areas including MT/MST 27 , and (iii) broader work demonstrating that releasing constraints reveals richer encoding.”
Yoshimura, Y., Ogino, S., Hirano, R., Kizuka, T., & Ono, S. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.107079
Sun, H., Tan, Z., Zeng, F., & Chen, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2026.1876597
“…from MT and V6 can reach MSTd and other multisensory areas, while MSTd further projects to multisensory regions such as VIP (Chen et al., 2011c) and VPS (Chen et al., 2011b), providing a direct route by which optic-flow information can converge with vestibular signals (Boussaoud et al., 1990).”
Maranesi, M. (2011) · DSpaceUnipr (University of Parma)
THE ROLE OF CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL OPTIC FLOW IN THE CONTROL OF UPRIGHT POSTURE
Jasko, J. (2004) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Rodier (1996) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19960624)370:2
Batardiere (1998) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980713)396:4
Metadata
- Authors
- Boussaoud, D., Ungerleider, L. G., & Desimone, R.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ungerleider, Leslie G.
- Venue
- Journal of Comparative Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1990-06-15
- Volume
- 296
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 462-495
- ISSN
- 0021-9967 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-9861
- OpenAlex
- W1989600183
- Cited by
- 634
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 11.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Comparative Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- medial superior temporal area, motion analysis, cortical connectivity, extrastriate cortex, superior temporal sulcus, parietal cortex, frontal eye field, area MT, area V4, V2, cortical hierarchy, directionally selective neurons, macaque visual system
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Fluorescent Dyes, Macaca, Macaca fascicularis, Motion Perception, Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review