Pathways for motion analysis: Cortical connections of the medial superior temporal and fundus of the superior temporal visual areas in the macaque

“In the macaque, these cortical areas are connected to the VIP–LIP ( Boussaoud, Ungerleider, & Desimone, 1990 ).”

“Second, the connections between MT and MST are topographically imprecise (Maunsell and Van Essen, 1983a; Boussaoud et al., 1990).”

“Second, areas VIP and MSTd are anatomically linked (Boussaoud et al., 1990; Baizer et al., 1991).”

“The (extra) striate regions within the occipital cortex are connected to the parietal cortex (Boussaoud et al. 1990), which in turn is reciprocally connected to the premotor regions (Cavada and GoldmanRakic 1989; Kurata 1991), playing a major role in visuomotor transformations (Sakata and Taira 1994; Jeannerod et al.”

“Labeling located in the superior temporal sulcus was assigned to areas V4T, V5/MT, MST, and FST on the basis of location within the sulcus and myeloarchitectonic patterns (Gattass and Gross, 1981; Gattass et al., 1988; Komatsu and Wurtz, 1988; Boussaoud et al., 1990).”

“In macaque V4, several studies (Gattass et al., 1988; Boussaoud et al., 1990; Felleman and Van Essen, 1991; Fize et al., 2003) depicted an upper-field-biased surface area asymmetry, but because the lower field extends to at least 30° (Gattass et al.”

“MST receives its primary input from the adjacent motion area MT, which in turn receives input from V1 and V2 (Ungerleider & Desimone, 1986; Boussaoud, Ungerleider, & Desimone, 1990 ).”

“The inferotemporal convexity cortex and the STS were subdivided according to Saleem and Tanaka (1996) and Boussaoud et al. (1990), respectively, and the STG and auditory belt areas were subdivided according to Kaas and Hackett (2000; see also Saleem et al. 2008).”

“The dashed black line indicates the region giving strong responses to static shapes, probably corresponding to (part of) TEO.”

“, 2003) and posterior parietal cortex (Seltzer and Pandya, 1978; Colby et al., 1988; Andersen et al., 1990; Boussaoud et al., 1990; Felleman and Van Essen, 1991; Preuss and GoldmanRakic, 1991; Lewis and Van Essen, 2000).”

“As in the macaque (Boussaoud et al., 1990), marmoset MST receives a small but distinct projection from the representation of peripheral vision in V1, as well strong inputs from areas MT and MTC (Palmer and Rosa, 2006b).”

“In the medial superior temporal (MST) area, which follows area MT in the motion pathway (Ungerleider and Desimone, 1986; Boussaoud et al., 1990), many neurons respond to large random dot optic flow patterns (Saito et al., 1986; Tanaka et al., 1986; Tanaka and Saito, 1989a; Duffy and Wurtz,…”

“We thus compared the sulcal pattern visible in the MRI scans to the published reports (Desimone and Ungerleider, 1986; Boussaoud et al., 1990; Ungerleider, 1995) to estimate the location of MT, MST and other major visual areas.”

“For example, the cross-sectional area, centre-to-centre spacing and spread of intrinsic connections increase between caudal and rostral visual areas (Amir et al., 1993; Lund et al., 1993; Fujita and Fujita, 1996), a result which has been interpreted as ref lecting the ‘more global computational roles proposed for high…”

“In addition, parts of the inferior parietal lobule, which receive extensive input from area PO (Andersen et al., 1990; Boussaoud et al., 1990), react to unattended stimuli during attentive fixation (Mountcastle et al., 1981).”

“…temporal area (Ungerleider and Desimone, 1986; Beck and Kaas, 1999), the middle superior temporal area (Boussaoud et al., 1990; Beck and Kaas, 1999), the fundus of the superior temporal visual area (Boussaoud et al., 1990; Beck and Kaas, 1999), and PO (Colby et al., 1988; Beck and Kaas, 1999).”

“…of the neurons, located mostly in a dorsoposterior region of neurons whose discharge can be related to pursuit eye movearea LIP, as well as 42% of the neurons tested in area 7A, a ments (Andersen et al. 1990a; Boussaoud et al. 1990; Neal direction-specific pursuit-related activity could be found.”

“More recently, Boussaoud et al. (1990) reported projections from areas MST and FST in the superior temporal sulcus to areas VIP and LIP, and several Phil.”

“Neuroanatomical studies in macaques reporting a cortical projection from V5/MT into the posterior bank of the STS are consistent with this suggestion [16–18].”

“Contrary to some previous proposals [13,14], we propose that the lateral pathway processes not only motion but also other information that is critical for action recognition such as object shape and interobject relations.”

“…projections from the parietal, prefrontal, and superior temporal regions (Seltzer and Pandya, 1978, 1989a; Selemon and Goldman-Rakic, 1988; Boussaoud et al., 1990; Seltzer et al., 1996) and because it contains cells responsive to visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli, and cells responsive…”

“Subsequently, these areas send connections to area V5, and ultimately these inputs arrive at the medial superior temporal area complex, which participates in higher-order motion analysis (Boussaoud et al., 1990; Tootell et al., 1995).”

“ty. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Architectural type 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Proportion of total thickness Figure 1: Relative laminar thicknesses vs architectural types. Thickness data compiled from Angelucci et al. (2002); Boussaoud et al. (1990); Eggan & Lewis (2007); Felleman et al. (1997); Lavenex et al. (2002); Markov et al. (2014a)…”

“Visual motion analysis areas in the upper bank of the caudal superior temporal sulcus (MST) appear to provide at least some input to PMv (Boussaoud et al. 1990).”

“Recently more distant projections have been described from areas in the ventral (Distler et al., 1993) and dorsal visual pathways and from the lateral intraparietal area (Boussaoud et al., 1990; Rockland and Van Hoesen, 1994).”

“These areas send efferents to parietal and frontal areas involved in attentional and oculomotor control ( Boussaud et al. 1990 ).”

“With the expansion of the visual hierarchy to the furthest reaches of the temporal and parietal lobes, it was found necessary to adopt more liberal criteria (Andersen et al. 1990; Boussaoud et al. 1990; Felleman & Van Essen 1991; Shipp et al. 1998).”

“STP has connections with MST (Boussaoud et al. 1990) and so MST may be the origin of its visual and/or vestibular afferents.”

“Given that VIP receives considerable input from MSTd (Boussaoud et al., 1990; Baizer et al., 1991) and also reflects other sensory and motor influences (Duhamel et al., 1998; Cooke et al., 2003; Avillac et al., 2005), we hypothesized that VIP may be further specialized for multisensory heading…”

“…and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (Goldman- Rakic, 1988; Selemon and Goldman-Rakic, 1988), connections also exist linking these structures to area MT+ and the precentral and premotor cortices (Barbas and Pandya, 1987; Cavada and Goldman-Rakic, 1989; Boussaoud et al., 1990; Wise et al., 1997).”

“labelled neurons in V1, which has consistent connections with both MT and the medial portion of MST (Spatz, 1977; Boussaoud et al., 1990; Sousa et al., 1991).”

“MT, MST, and FPA all project to the pontine nuclei (Glickstein et al., 1980; Ungerleider et al., 1984; Leichnitz, 1989; Boussaoud et al., 1992a), which in turn project to the parts of the cerebellum that are involved in pursuit (Brodal, 1979, 1982; Gerrits and Voogd, 1989).”

“…dorsal prelunate area (Andersen et al. 1990a), the middle temporal area, MT (Ungerleider and Desimone 1986), the medial superior temporal area, MST (Boussaoud et al. 1990), the fundus of the superior temporal visual area, FST (Boussaoud et al. 1990), and the parieto-occipital area, PO (Colby et…”

“The most relevant comparison of present results are with those reported by Boussaoud et al. (1990) after injections in the FST region of macaque monkeys.”

“Anatomical studies have shown that MSTd is bidirectionally connected with VIP and FEF (Huerta et al., 1987; Barbas, 1988; Boussaoud et al., 1990; Baizer et al., 1991; Bullier et al., 1996) and that PIVC projects to area VIP (Lewis and Van Essen, 2000).”

“Labeling was found in a visual motion area (FST) in the f loor of the STS which is anterior and ventral to area MT (Desimone and Ungerleider, 1986; Ungerleider and Desimone, 1986; Boussaoud et al., 1990).”

“Our findings are in line with previous studies where retrograde tracers were placed in those cortical areas and no labeled neurons were found in PEc (Boussaoud et al. 1990; Lewis and Van Essen 2000; Borra et al. 2008; Ungerleider et al. 2008).”

“This anatomical approach was largely completed and detailed by independent electrophysiological studies of visual areas (review: Boussaoud et al 1990) and cortical substrates of the action (review: Jeannerod et al 1995; Jeannerod 1997).”

“MSTd projects to area 7a in the inferior parietal lobule, the ventral intraparietal area, and the anterior superior temporal polysensory (STP) area in the superior temporal sulcus (Andersen et al., 1990; Boussaoud et al., 1990; Baizer et al., 1991).”

“The support from the primate evidence is especially relevant because in primates there is also a highly developed visual system with ventral stream temporal lobe areas involved in object and face recognition, and dorsal stream parietal and posterior cingulate cortex areas involved in spatial function (Boussaoud et al.…”

“Anatomical studies have shown that MSTd is bidirectionally connected with both VIP and the frontal eye fields (FEFs) (Boussaoud et al., 1990; Lewis and Van Essen, 2000).”

“Yet, the observation of responses such as these is conventionally regarded as indicative of surviving modules of the corticocortical and brainstem-cortex functional interaction that is thought to sustain consciousness in the awake subject [6, 43–48] and is interfered with in the VS/UWS and MCS [2, 9, 10, 19, 21, 22, 3…”

“1B, [26,138]).”

“Connections are according to (Boussaoud et al., 1990; Galletti et al., 2001; Luppino, Calzavara, Rozzi, & Matelli, 2001; Matelli et al., 1998; Shipp et al., 1998; Tanne-Gariepy, Rouiller, & Boussaoud, 2002).”

“…by anatomical studies showing that MT sends projections rostrally within the STS including to area FST (Ungerleider and Desimone, 1986), which sends prominent projections to regions in the fundus, lower bank of the STS (Boussaoud et al., 1990), and the lateral surface of IT (Distler et al., 1993).”

“…to the transitional V4 (V4T), middle temporal (MT), medial superior temporal (MST), and fundus of the superior temporal (FST) areas on the basis of location within the sulcus, in combination with myeloarchitectonic patterns (Gattass et al., 1988; Komatsu and Wurtz, 1988; Boussaoud et al., 1990).”

“The right pSTS has a unique position to integrate motion, spatial, and object information (Boussaoud et al., 1990), which may be needed to analyze interactions of movement and context in order to signal movements produced by intentional agents.”

“This region receives projections from the brainstem area and is thought to process the efference copy.(36,37) Posterior parietal cortex in monkeys is shown to carry the information regarding previous retinal slip velocity independent of the efference copy.”

“…goal-directed functions form a pathway to the parietal lobe (Siegel and Read, 1997b; Andersen et al., 1997), whereas projections that are directed toward the temporal lobe may constitute a separate pathway for motion analysis (Boussaoud et al., 1990; Morel and Bullier, 1990; Baizer et al., 1991).”

“Consistent with anatomical evidence ( Boussaoud, Ungerleider, & Desimone, 1990 ), these results suggest the existence of a ‘‘ventrodorsal’’ or ‘‘lateral’’ stream of visual processing, including the classical dorsal stream areas MT and MST, which is important for action recognition.”

“The contributions to PPC primarily come from a collection of visual areas (Boussaoud et al., 1990; Kaas and Morel, 1993, Born and Bradley, 2005; Kaskan and Kaas, 2007) that are especially involved in processing information about visual motion.”

“Additionally, based both on patient data and monkey neuroanatomic studies, a third stream has been proposed, branching off ventrally from the dorsal stream (Boussaoud et al., 1990; Rizzolatti and Matelli, 2003; Pisella et al., 2006; Rozzi et al., 2006).”

“Although we have no obvious explanation for this effect observed in both monkeys, we note that this feature is common to mainly dorsal stream areas that are strongly interconnected anatomically (Ungerleider and Desimone, 1986a,b; Boussaoud et al., 1990).”

“It is possible that the multiple direct connections between the ventral and dorsal visual cortical areas that have been demonstrated in monkeys (Felleman & Van Essen, 1991) may play a role in enabling this cooperative process, or alternatively, that the connections that both streams have with areas in the depths of th…”