The DOI matches its Crossref record; 478 of the 478 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Anatomy of the Descending Pathways
Abstract
The sections in this article are: 1 Anatomical Techniques 1.1 Visualization of Neurons and Their Processes 1.1.1 Light Microscopy 1.1.2 Electron Microscopy 1.2 Tracing of Axons and Identification of Their Terminals by Techniques of Anterograde Labeling 1.2.1 Anterograde Degeneration Labeling 1.2.2 Anterograde Transport Labeling 1.2.3 Orthodromic Electrical Stimulation 1.3 Identification of Cells of Origin of Fiber Systems by Retrograde Labeling 1.3.1 Retrograde Degeneration Labeling 1.3.2 Retrograde Transport Labeling 1.3.3 Antidromic Electrical Stimulation 1.4 Identification of Neurons and Tracing of Their Axons 1.4.1 Histofluorescence 1.4.2 Immunohistochemistry 2 Anatomy of Spinal Cord and Brain Stem 2.1 Spinal Cord 2.1.1 Dorsal Horn 2.1.2 Somatic Motoneuronal Cell Groups 2.1.3 Autonomic Preganglionic Motoneuronal Cell Groups 2.1.4 Intermediate Zone 2.2 Brain Stem 2.2.1 Lower Brain Stem 2.2.2 Mesencephalon 2.2.3 Monoaminergic Neurons 3 Descending Pathways 3.1 Descending Brain Stem Pathways 3.1.1 Cells of Origin 3.1.2 Trajectory and Terminal Distribution 3.2 Descending Cortical Pathways 3.2.1 Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Pathways 3.2.2 Cortical Projections to Cell Groups of Descending Brain Stem Pathways 3.2.3 Laminar Distribution of Cortical Neurons Projecting to Subcortical and Spinal Structures 4 Synthesis 4.1 Grouping of Descending Pathways on the Basis of Their Terminal Distribution 4.1.1 Descending Brain Stem Pathways 4.1.2 Corticobulbar and Corticospinal Pathways 4.2 Functional Epilogue 4.2.1 Conclusion
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Items 401–478 of 478
CIRCUS MOVEMENTS IN CATS FOLLOWING MIDBRAIN STIMULATION THROUGH CHRONICALLY IMPLANTED ELECTRODES
Skultety, F. M. (1962) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1962.25.2.152 · Cited by 58
West, D. C., & Wolstencroft, J. H. (1977) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(77)90038-6 · Cited by 57
The human pyramidal tract. IV. A study of the mature, myelinated fibers of the pyramid
Lassek, A. M. (1942) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.900760203 · Cited by 57
Failure to develop a precision grip in monkeys with unilateral neocortical lesions made in infancy
Passingham, R. E., Perry, H., & Wilkinson, F. E. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90878-8 · Cited by 57
Anderson, M. E. (1971) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(71)90005-9 · Cited by 57
The nuclear masses in the cervical spinal cord of Macaca mulatta
Reed, A. F. (1940) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.900720107 · Cited by 56
CIRCUS MOVEMENTS AND EXCITATION OF STRIATAL AND MESODIENCEPHALIC CENTERS IN RABBITS
White, R. P., & Himwich, H. E. (1957) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1957.20.1.81 · Cited by 56
Faull, R. L. M. (1978) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901780308 · Cited by 56
Satomi, H., Yamamoto, T., Ise, H., & Takatama, H. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)91088-0 · Cited by 55
Connections of layer VI in striate cortex of the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)
Robson, J. A., & Hall, W. C. (1975) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(75)90291-7 · Cited by 55
Weisberg, J. A., & Rustioni, A. (1976) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901680307 · Cited by 55
Accessory oculomotor nuclei in the monkey.
Mb, C., & Peter, P. (1972) · PubMed · Cited by 55
The organization of projection neurons in the opossum red nucleus
Martin, G. F., Dom, R. M., Katz, S., et al. (1974) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(74)90350-3 · Cited by 54
Satomi, K., Yamamoto, T., Ise, H., & Takahashi, K. (1979) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(79)90004-1 · Cited by 54
Identification of the superior salivatory nucleus in the cat as studied by the HRP method
Satomi, H., Takahashi, K., Ise, H., & Yamamoto, T. (1979) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(79)96137-8 · Cited by 54
Duron, B., Marlot, D., Larnicol, N., et al. (1979) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(79)96141-x · Cited by 54
Rubrobulbar projections of the opossum (didelphis virginiana)
Martin, G. F., & Dom, R. M. (1970) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901390204 · Cited by 52
Césaro, P., Nguyen-Legros, J., Berger, B., Alvarez, C., & Albe-Fessard, D. (1979) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(79)91519-2 · Cited by 50
Inhibition and the Renshaw Cell A Structural Critique; pp. 53–72
Scheibel, M. E., & Scheibel, A. B. (2008) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000125424 · Cited by 50
A raphe dendrite bundle in the rabbit medulla
Cummings, J. P., & Felten, D. L. (1979) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901830102 · Cited by 50
Nyberg-Hansen, R. (1966) · PubMed · Cited by 49
Pyramidal Tract: A Comparison of Two Prosimian Primates
Jane, J. A., Campbell, C. B. G., & Yashon, D. (1965) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.147.3654.153 · Cited by 48
Cells of origin of several efferent pathways from the superior colliculus inGalago senegalensis
Raczkowski, D., & DIAMOND, I. T. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90979-4 · Cited by 48
Raymond, J., Demêmes, D., & Marty, R. (1976) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)91044-1 · Cited by 48
COORDINATED EYE AND BODY MOVEMENTS EVOKED BY BRAINSTEM STIMULATION IN DECEREBRATED CATS
Faulkner, R. F., & Hyde, J. E. (1958) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1958.21.2.171 · Cited by 48
Todo, K., Yamamoto, T., Satomi, H., Ise, H., Takatama, H., & Takahashi, K. (1977) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(77)90116-0 · Cited by 47
An intraspinal sympathetic preganglionic pathway: anatomic evidence in the dog
Faden, A. I., & Petras, J. M. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90161-0 · Cited by 47
A new type of cell in the lateral reticular formation of the brain stem
Valverde, F. (1961) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901170205 · Cited by 46
Pyramidal and non-pyramidal motor cortical effects on distal forelimb muscles of monkeys
Felix, D., & Wiesendanger, M. (1971) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00234417 · Cited by 46
The motor functions of the agranular frontal cortex.
Denny-Brown, D. E., & Botterell, E. H. (1948) · PubMed · Cited by 46
Spinal Neurons Project to the Dorsal Column Nuclei of Rhesus Monkeys
Rustioni, A. (1977) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.404704 · Cited by 45
Verhaart, W. J. C. (1950) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.900920102 · Cited by 45
The location of longitudinally running dendrites in the ventral horn of the cat spinal cord
Dekker, J. J., Lawrence, D. G., & Kuypers, H. G. J. M. (1973) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(73)90382-x · Cited by 44
Self-citationCzarkowska, J., Jankowska, E., & Sybirska, E. H. (1976) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90844-1 · Cited by 43
Flumerfelt, B. A., & Lewis, P. R. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 43
Molenaar, I. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90016-1 · Cited by 41
Efferents of area 4 in a South American monkey (Saimiri) I. Terminations in the spinal cord
Tigges, J., Nakagawa, S., & Tigges, M. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90727-3 · Cited by 41
Lyon, M. J. (1975) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(75)90100-4 · Cited by 40
Bucher, V. M., & Bürgi, S. M. (1952) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.900960108 · Cited by 40
The organization of the facial nucleus of the brush‐tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)
Provis, J. M. (1977) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901720109 · Cited by 40
Matsushita, M., & Ikeda, M. (1973) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901500102 · Cited by 39
Dekker, J. J., & Kuypers, H. G. J. M. (1976) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90750-2 · Cited by 39
Self-citationHughes, J. R., & Mazurowski, J. A. (1962) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(62)90053-6 · Cited by 39
RESPONSES ELICITED BY STIMULATION OF THE MESENCEPHALIC TEGMENTUM IN THE CAT
Hinsey, J. C. (1930) · Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1930.02220170086010 · Cited by 38
Microelectrode study on the subnuclei of the oculomotor nucleus in the cat
Naito, H., TANIMURA, K., Taga, N., & Hosoya, Y. (1974) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(74)90937-8 · Cited by 37
Autoradiographic study of brain stem projections from fastigial pressor areas
Moolenaar, G.-M., & Rucker, H. K. (1976) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90970-7 · Cited by 36
Peroxidase labeling of motor cortex neurons projecting to the ventrolateral nucleus in the cat
Romagnano, M. A., & Maciewicz, R. J. (1975) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(75)90837-9 · Cited by 34
HEMIDECORTICATION IN CHIMPANZEE, BABOON, MACAQUE, POTTO, CAT AND COATI: A STUDY IN ENCEPHALIZATION
Walker, A. E., & Fulton, J. F. (1938) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-193806000-00001 · Cited by 34
Medullary reticular formation lesions and lordosis reflex in female rats
Modianos, D. T., & Pfaff, D. W. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90338-x · Cited by 34
Functional implications of the morphology of spinal ventral horn neurons of the cat
Testa, C. (1964) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901230309 · Cited by 33
Matsushita, M., & Ueyama, T. (1973) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901500103 · Cited by 33
Corticospinal fibers in the raccoon
Petras, J. M., & Lehman, R. A. W. (1966) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(66)90077-1 · Cited by 33
Armstrong, D. M., & Schild, R. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90135-5 · Cited by 32
Mergner, T., Pompeiano, O., & Corvaja, N. (1977) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(77)90105-7 · Cited by 31
Anatomical Aspects of the Anterior and Lateral Funiculi at the Spinobulbar Junction
Busch, H. F. M. (1964) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)64050-9 · Cited by 30
Topography of rubrospinal units in the cat
Padel, Y., Armand, J., & Smith, A. M. (1972) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00235033 · Cited by 30
Dual organization of motor corticospinal tract in the cat
Armand, J., & Aurenty, R. (1977) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(77)90056-8 · Cited by 30
Pyramidal tract in the cord of the elephant
Verhaart, W. J. C. (1963) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901210105 · Cited by 30
Mussen, A. T. (1934) · Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1934.02250010122006 · Cited by 28
Somatotopic studies on red nucleus: spinal projection level and respective receptive fields
Eccles, J. C., Rantucci, T., Scheid, P., & Táboříková, H. (1975) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1975.38.4.965 · Cited by 28
A simple histochemical method for double labelling of neurons by retrograde axonal transport
Olsson, T. P., & Kristensson, K. (1978) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(78)90133-7 · Cited by 24
Blum, B., Halpern, L. M., & Ward, A. A. (1968) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(68)90131-3 · Cited by 24
Spinal cord projections from the medial cerebellar nucleus in tree shrew (Tupaia glis)
Ware, C. B., & Mufson, E. J. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)91044-8 · Cited by 24
Topographic studies on medial reticular nucleus
Eccles, J. C., Nicoll, R. A., Rantucci, T., Táboříková, H., & Willey, T. J. (1976) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1976.39.1.109 · Cited by 24
Pyramidal and Parapyramidal Motor Systems in Man
Zülch, K. J. (1975) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66204-1_3 · Cited by 23
Laminar origin of efferent projections from auditory cortex in the golden Syrian hamster
Ravizza, R. J., Straw, R. B., & Long, P. D. (1976) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90971-9 · Cited by 22
Monosynaptic corticospinal-motoneuron path in the raccoon
Wirth, F. P., O′Leary, J. L., Smith, J. M., & Jenny, A. B. (1974) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(74)90799-9 · Cited by 22
Effects of electrical stimulation of the red nucleus on the alpha motor system
Thulin, C. (1963) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(63)90026-8 · Cited by 22
Lassek, A. M. (1942) · Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1942.02290030080006 · Cited by 22
Dual origin of fibers projecting from motor cortex to Sl in cat
Deschênes, M. (1977) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(77)90714-4 · Cited by 19
Localization of neurons supplying the temporalis muscle in the rat and monkey
Yassin, I. B. H. M., & Leong, S. K. (1979) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(79)90057-0 · Cited by 19
The structure of a chronically isolated segment of the cat spinal cord
Anderson, F. D. (1963) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901200207 · Cited by 17
Hanaway, J., & Smith, J. M. (1979) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901830303 · Cited by 15
Forced Movement Resulting from Midbrain Stimulation in the Rat
Vierck, C. J., Brooks, R. H., & Goodman, D. C. (2008) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000125523 · Cited by 15
Connections of the Frontal Cortex of the Monkey
Hines, M. (1954) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.4.12.950 · Cited by 14
Short-latency interstitiospinal and rubrospinal synaptic influences on α-motoneurons
Shapovalov, A. I., & Karamyan, O. A. (1968) · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00786758 · Cited by 14
Sandri, C., Ris, H., & Akert, K. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90532-2 · Cited by 10
Antidromic Activation of Neurones of the Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem
Magni, F., & Willis, W. D. (1963) · Nature · doi:10.1038/198592a0 · Cited by 6
Cited by
Cerebellar loops with motor cortex and prefrontal cortex of a nonhuman primate
Kelly, R. M., & Strick, P. L. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-23-08432.2003 · Cited by 1,595
Descending Pathways in Motor Control
Lemon, R. N. (2008) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125547 · Cited by 1,599
Factors influencing the force control during precision grip
Westling, G., & Johansson, R. S. (1984) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00238156 · Cited by 1,027
Cholinergic systems in mammalian brain and spinal cord
WOOLF, N. (1991) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(91)90006-m · Cited by 948
Predictions not commands: Active inference in the motor system
Adams, R. A., Shipp, S., & Friston, K. J. (2013) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-012-0475-5 · Cited by 765
Metadata
- Authors
- Kuypers, H. G. J. M.
- Venue
- Comprehensive Physiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1981-12
- Pages
- 597-666
- ISSN
- 2040-4603 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1555964335
- Cited by
- 640
- References
- 478
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.