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Anatomy of the Descending Pathways
Abstract
The sections in this article are: 1 Anatomical Techniques 1.1 Visualization of Neurons and Their Processes 1.1.1 Light Microscopy 1.1.2 Electron Microscopy 1.2 Tracing of Axons and Identification of Their Terminals by Techniques of Anterograde Labeling 1.2.1 Anterograde Degeneration Labeling 1.2.2 Anterograde Transport Labeling 1.2.3 Orthodromic Electrical Stimulation 1.3 Identification of Cells of Origin of Fiber Systems by Retrograde Labeling 1.3.1 Retrograde Degeneration Labeling 1.3.2 Retrograde Transport Labeling 1.3.3 Antidromic Electrical Stimulation 1.4 Identification of Neurons and Tracing of Their Axons 1.4.1 Histofluorescence 1.4.2 Immunohistochemistry 2 Anatomy of Spinal Cord and Brain Stem 2.1 Spinal Cord 2.1.1 Dorsal Horn 2.1.2 Somatic Motoneuronal Cell Groups 2.1.3 Autonomic Preganglionic Motoneuronal Cell Groups 2.1.4 Intermediate Zone 2.2 Brain Stem 2.2.1 Lower Brain Stem 2.2.2 Mesencephalon 2.2.3 Monoaminergic Neurons 3 Descending Pathways 3.1 Descending Brain Stem Pathways 3.1.1 Cells of Origin 3.1.2 Trajectory and Terminal Distribution 3.2 Descending Cortical Pathways 3.2.1 Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Pathways 3.2.2 Cortical Projections to Cell Groups of Descending Brain Stem Pathways 3.2.3 Laminar Distribution of Cortical Neurons Projecting to Subcortical and Spinal Structures 4 Synthesis 4.1 Grouping of Descending Pathways on the Basis of Their Terminal Distribution 4.1.1 Descending Brain Stem Pathways 4.1.2 Corticobulbar and Corticospinal Pathways 4.2 Functional Epilogue 4.2.1 Conclusion
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The cells of origin of the corpus callosum in rat, cat and rhesus monkey
Jacobson, S., & Trojanowski, J. Q. (1974) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(74)90118-8 · Cited by 267
Representation of the extra‐ocular muscles in the oculomotor nuclei of the monkey
Warwick, R. (1953) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.900980305 · Cited by 267
Chu, N.-S., & Bloom, F. E. (1974) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(74)90075-4 · Cited by 266
Mode of termination of retinotectal fibers in macaque monkey: An autoradiographic study
Hubel, D. H., LeVay, S., & Wiesel, T. N. (1975) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(75)90567-3 · Cited by 264
Lesions of the Pontine Tegmentum and Conjugate Gaze Paralysis
Goebel, H. H., Komatsuzaki, A., Bender, M. B., & Cohen, B. (1971) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1971.00480350065007 · Cited by 261
A single-unit analysis of the organization of Deiters' nucleus.
Wilson, V. J., Kato, M., Peterson, B. W., & Wylie, R. M. (1967) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1967.30.3.603 · Cited by 261
Eye movements evoked by superior colliculus stimulation in the alert cat
Roucoux, A., & Crommelinck, M. (1976) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)91030-1 · Cited by 260
KUYPERS, H. G. J. M. (1960) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/83.1.161 · Cited by 260
Self-citationFiber projections from the nucleus caudalis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus
Stewart, W. A., & King, R. B. (1963) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901210209 · Cited by 259
Responses of ponto-medullary reticular neurons to cortical, tectal and cutaneous stimuli
Peterson, B., Anderson, M., & Filion, M. (1974) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00234256 · Cited by 255
Kawamura, K., Brodal, A., & Hoddevik, G. (1974) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00233392 · Cited by 253
Maeda, T., Pin, C., Salvert, D., Ligier, M., & Jouvet, M. (1973) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(73)90572-6 · Cited by 251
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The location of cardiac vagal preganglionic motoneurones in the medulla of the cat.
McAllen, R. M., & Spyer, K. M. (1976) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011414 · Cited by 249
Descending projections from the pontine micturition center
Loewy, A. D., Saper, C. B., & Baker, R. P. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90584-5 · Cited by 247
Descending connections to the inferior olive. An experimental study in the cat
Walberg, F. (1956) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901040107 · Cited by 247
HARTMAN, B. K. (1973) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1177/21.4.312 · Cited by 244
The origin of reticulospinal fibers in the cat. An experimental study
Torvik, A., & Brodal, A. (1957) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1091280110 · Cited by 244
Spinal branching of corticospinal axons in the cat
Shinoda, Y., Arnold, A. P., & Asanuma, H. (1976) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00234928 · Cited by 243
Atlas of the distribution of monoamine‐containing nerve cell bodies in the brain stem of the cat
Poitras, D., & Parent, A. (1978) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901790402 · Cited by 242
Snow, P. J., Rose, P. K., & Brown, A. G. (1976) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.54936 · Cited by 240
Bentivoglio, M., Van der Kooy, D., & Kuypers, H. G. J. M. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90800-x · Cited by 240
Self-citationIto, M., Udo, M., & Mano, N. (1970) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1970.33.2.210 · Cited by 240
Monosynaptic inhibition of neck motoneurons by the medial vestibular nucleus
Wilson, V., & Yoshida, M. (1969) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00235245 · Cited by 239
Anatomical organization of retinotectal afferents in the cat: An autodiographic study
Graybiel, A. M. (1975) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(75)90566-1 · Cited by 238
EXPERIMENTAL DEGENERATION IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX.
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Experimentelle und anatomische Befunde �ber die Drehbewegungen und ihre nerv�sen Apparate
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Spinal projections from the midbrain in monkey
Castiglioi, A. J., Gallaway, M. C., & Coulter, J. D. (1978) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901780208 · Cited by 235
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The influence of bulbospinal monoaminergic pathways on sympathetic nerve activity
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Experimental demonstration of a somatotopical origin of rubrospinal fibers in the cat
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Evaluation of a radioautographic neuroanatomical tracing method
Lasek, R., Joseph, B. S., & Whitlock, D. G. (1968) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(68)90052-8 · Cited by 231
Projections and termination of the corticospinal tract in rodents
Brown, L. T. (1971) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00234340 · Cited by 231
Precentral projections to different parts of the spinal intermediate zone in the rhesus monkey
Kuypers, H. G. J. M., & Brinkman, J. (1970) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(70)90272-6 · Cited by 228
Self-citationCarstens, E., & Trevino, D. L. (1978) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901820110 · Cited by 228
Disynaptic inhibition of spinal motoneurones from the motor cortex in the monkey.
Jankowska, E., Padel, Y., & Tanaka, R. (1976) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011431 · Cited by 227
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Localization of vagal cardioinhibitory preganglionic neurons within rat brain stem
Nosaka, S., Yamamoto, T., & Yasunaga, K. (1979) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901860106 · Cited by 225
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Corticofugal fibres to the brain-stem reticular formation; an experimental study in the cat.
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HOLSTEGE, G., KUYPERS, H. G. J. M., & DEKKER, J. J. (1977) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/100.2.265 · Cited by 221
Self-citationWalberg, F., Bowsher, D., & Brodal, A. (1958) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901100305 · Cited by 219
Faull, R. L. M., & Carman, J. B. (1978) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901780307 · Cited by 218
Holstege, G., Kuypers, H. G. J. M., & Boer, R. C. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90337-8 · Cited by 218
Self-citationCorticospinal Connections: Postnatal Development in the Rhesus Monkey
Kuypers, H. G. J. M. (1962) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.138.3541.678 · Cited by 217
Self-citationPremotor Cortical Ablations in Monkeys: Contralateral Changes in Visually Guided Reaching Behavior
Moll, L., & Kuypers, H. G. J. M. (1977) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.410103 · Cited by 217
Self-citationFukushima, T., & Kerr, F. W. L. (1979) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901830112 · Cited by 217
The location and termination of tectospinal fibers in the cat
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The cerebral control of movement
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Superior colliculus connections with the extraocular motor nuclei in the cat
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Motorische Funktion des Tektal- und Tegmentalgebietes; pp. 1–26
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Variation in Form of the Pyramidal Tract and Its Relationship to Digital Dexterity; pp. 161–174
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A new long spinal projection from the vestibular nuclei in the cat
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Bentivoglio, M., Kuypers, H. G. J. M., Catsman-Berrevoets, C. E., & Dann, O. (1979) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(79)96068-3 · Cited by 206
Self-citationMODIFICATION OF GUDDEN METHOD FOR STUDY OF CEREBRAL LOCALIZATION
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Retino-tectal and cortico-tectal projections inMacaca mulatta
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A study of motor cell localization in the spinal cord of the rhesus monkey
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Corticofugal connections of area 8 (frontal eye field) inMacaca mulatta
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Descending Pathways in Motor Control
Lemon, R. N. (2008) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125547 · Cited by 1,599
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kuypers, H. G. J. M.
- Venue
- Comprehensive Physiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1981-12
- Pages
- 597-666
- ISSN
- 2040-4603 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1555964335
- Cited by
- 640
- References
- 478
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.