The DOI matches its Crossref record; 478 of the 478 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Anatomy of the Descending Pathways
Abstract
The sections in this article are: 1 Anatomical Techniques 1.1 Visualization of Neurons and Their Processes 1.1.1 Light Microscopy 1.1.2 Electron Microscopy 1.2 Tracing of Axons and Identification of Their Terminals by Techniques of Anterograde Labeling 1.2.1 Anterograde Degeneration Labeling 1.2.2 Anterograde Transport Labeling 1.2.3 Orthodromic Electrical Stimulation 1.3 Identification of Cells of Origin of Fiber Systems by Retrograde Labeling 1.3.1 Retrograde Degeneration Labeling 1.3.2 Retrograde Transport Labeling 1.3.3 Antidromic Electrical Stimulation 1.4 Identification of Neurons and Tracing of Their Axons 1.4.1 Histofluorescence 1.4.2 Immunohistochemistry 2 Anatomy of Spinal Cord and Brain Stem 2.1 Spinal Cord 2.1.1 Dorsal Horn 2.1.2 Somatic Motoneuronal Cell Groups 2.1.3 Autonomic Preganglionic Motoneuronal Cell Groups 2.1.4 Intermediate Zone 2.2 Brain Stem 2.2.1 Lower Brain Stem 2.2.2 Mesencephalon 2.2.3 Monoaminergic Neurons 3 Descending Pathways 3.1 Descending Brain Stem Pathways 3.1.1 Cells of Origin 3.1.2 Trajectory and Terminal Distribution 3.2 Descending Cortical Pathways 3.2.1 Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Pathways 3.2.2 Cortical Projections to Cell Groups of Descending Brain Stem Pathways 3.2.3 Laminar Distribution of Cortical Neurons Projecting to Subcortical and Spinal Structures 4 Synthesis 4.1 Grouping of Descending Pathways on the Basis of Their Terminal Distribution 4.1.1 Descending Brain Stem Pathways 4.1.2 Corticobulbar and Corticospinal Pathways 4.2 Functional Epilogue 4.2.1 Conclusion
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Dilly, P. N., Wall, P. D., & Webster, K. E. (1968) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(68)90072-1 · Cited by 106
Wise, S. P., & Jones, E. G. (1977) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(77)90760-0 · Cited by 106
The origin of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the dog
Petras, J. M., & Faden, A. I. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90160-9 · Cited by 104
Projection of individual pyramidal tract neurons to lumbar motor nuclei of the monkey
Asanuma, H., Zarzecki, P., Jankowska, E., Hongo, T., & Marcus, S. (1979) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00238342 · Cited by 103
Björklund, A., & Skagerberg, G. (1979) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/0165-0270(79)90038-4 · Cited by 103
The Pyramidal Tract—Its Status in Medicine
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An experimental study of the anatomical organization of the cortico‐bulbar system in the albino rat
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The descending respiratory pathway in man
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Separation of descending spinal pathways to respiratory motoneurons
Davis, J. N., & Plum, F. (1972) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(72)90189-6 · Cited by 101
Berrevoets, C. E., & Kuypers, H. G. J. M. (1975) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(75)90040-3 · Cited by 100
Self-citationCorticorubral projections in the rat
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McDowell, F. (1962) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1962.04210060109014 · Cited by 99
Kume, M., Uemura, M., Matsuda, K., et al. (1978) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(78)90088-5 · Cited by 96
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Cerebello‐oculomotor fibers in the rhesus monkey
Carpenter, M. B., & Strominger, N. L. (1964) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901230206 · Cited by 95
Input-output relations of the red nucleus in the cat
Ghez, C. P. (1975) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(75)90511-9 · Cited by 93
Motor function and the corticospinal tracts in the dog and raccoon
Buxton, D. F., & Goodman, D. C. (1967) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901290405 · Cited by 92
A critical review of immunocytochemical methods for light microscopy
Vandesande, F. (1979) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/0165-0270(79)90003-7 · Cited by 92
Pyramidal and Non-Pyramidal Pathways in Monkeys: Anatomical and Functional Correlation
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Self-citationOrigin of primary sensorimotor cortical projections to lumbar spinal cord of cat and monkey
Coulter, J. D., Ewing, L. K., & Carter, C. (1976) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90807-6 · Cited by 90
Somatic sensory projections to the pretectum in the cat
Berkley, K. J., & Mash, D. C. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90687-x · Cited by 90
Hyde, J. E., & Toczek, S. K. (1962) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1962.25.4.455 · Cited by 90
Topographie des neurones monoaminergiques du tronc cérébral du chat: étude par histofluorescence.
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Location of bladder preganglionic neurons within the sacral parasympathetic nucleus of the cat
Morgan, C. W., Nadelhaft, I., & de Groat, W. C. (1979) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(79)96146-9 · Cited by 87
Mesulam, M. M. (1976) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1177/24.12.826585 · Cited by 86
Cerebellar Projections to Pons, Medulla and Spinal Cord in the Albino Rat
Achenbach, K. E., & Goodman, D. C. (2008) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000125492 · Cited by 86
Kawamura, K., & Hashikawa, T. (1978) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901820102 · Cited by 86
Hultborn, H. (1976) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60736-0 · Cited by 85
Afferents to the lateral suprasylvian gyrus of the cat traced with horseradish peroxidase
Maciewicz, R. J. (1974) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(74)90359-x · Cited by 85
IDENTIFICATION OF RETICULAR FORMATION NEURONS BY INTRACELLULAR RECORDING.
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The rubro‐olivary projection in the macaque: An experimental study with silver impregnation methods
Courville, J., & Otabe, S. (1974) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901580407 · Cited by 84
Dalsgaard, C.-J., & Elfvin, L.-G. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90901-6 · Cited by 83
Albano, J. E., Norton, T. T., & Hall, W. C. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)91090-4 · Cited by 83
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Humphrey, D. R., & Rietz, R. R. (1976) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90217-1 · Cited by 82
Sympathetic neurons in the cat spinal cord projecting to the stellate ganglion
Chung, K., Chung, J. M., LaVelle, F. W., et al. (1979) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901850103 · Cited by 82
Conradi, S., Kellerth, J., & Berthold, C. (1979) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901840407 · Cited by 82
Matthews, M. A., Willis, W. D., & Williams, V. (1971) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1091710210 · Cited by 82
Origin of the rubrospinal tract of the rat
Murray, H. M., & Gurule, M. E. (1979) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(79)95337-0 · Cited by 82
Yamamoto, T., Satomi, H., Ise, H., Takatama, H., & Takahashi, K. (1978) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(78)90110-6 · Cited by 81
An autoradiographic analysis of the tecto-olivary projection in primates
Frankfurter, A. J., Weber, J. T., Royce, G. J., Strominger, N. L., & Harting, J. K. (1976) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90710-1 · Cited by 81
Evidence for a common location of alpha and gamma motoneurons
Bryan, R. N., Trevino, D. L., & Willis, W. D. (1972) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(72)90602-6 · Cited by 80
Albe-Fessard, D., Boivie, J., Grant, G., & Levante, A. (1975) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(75)90048-8 · Cited by 79
Degeneration and Regeneration of Synapses
Raisman, G., & Matthews, M. R. (1972) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-119284-6.50007-5 · Cited by 79
Descending pathways with monosynaptic action on motoneurones
Lund, S., & Pompeiano, O. (1965) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf02151558 · Cited by 78
Hoff, E. C. (1932) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Containing Papers of a Biological Character · doi:10.1098/rspb.1932.0049 · Cited by 78
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An autoradiographic study of the rubroolivary tract in the rhesus monkey
Strominger, N. L., Truscott, T. C., Miller, R. A., & Royce, G. J. (1979) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901830104 · Cited by 77
The central location of the motor neurons to the stapedius muscle in the cat
Lyon, M. J. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90355-4 · Cited by 76
Catsman‐Berrevoets, C. E., & Kuypers, H. G. J. M. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90706-0 · Cited by 76
Self-citationMartin, G. F., Humbertson, A. O., Laxson, C., & Panneton, W. M. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90948-x · Cited by 76
Distribution and properties of commissural and other neurons in cat sensorimotor cortex
Miller, R. J. (1975) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901640307 · Cited by 76
Hubbard, J. E., & Carlo, V. D. (1974) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901530404 · Cited by 76
Comparative Aspects of the Descending Fibre Systems in the Spinal Cord
Schoen, J. H. R. (1964) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)64049-2 · Cited by 75
Strick, P. L., Burke, R. E., Kanda, K., et al. (1976) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90059-7 · Cited by 75
New Developments in Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology
Engel, A. G. (1974) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.24.7.704 · Cited by 73
Lewis, P. R., Flumerfelt, B. A., & Shute, C. C. D. (1971) · PubMed · Cited by 72
ten Donkelaar, H. J. (1976) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901670404 · Cited by 71
Malmgren, L. T., Olsson, Y., Olsson, T. P., et al. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90333-5 · Cited by 70
The raphe nuclei of the rabbit brain stem
Felten, D. L., & Cummings, J. P. (1979) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901870112 · Cited by 70
Extracortical connections of the primate frontal cerebral cortex II. CORTICIFUGAL CONNECTIONS
Mettler, F. A. (1947) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.900860202 · Cited by 69
Rustioni, A., Kuypers, H. G. J. M., & Holstege, G. (1971) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(71)90280-0 · Cited by 68
Self-citationDesending pathways from the brain stem to the spinal cord in some reptiles. I. Origin
ten Donkelaar, H. J. (1976) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901670403 · Cited by 68
The site of origin of cardiac preganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve: An HRP study in the cat
Sugimoto, T., Itoh, K., Mizuno, N., Nomura, S., & Konishi, A. (1979) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(79)91479-4 · Cited by 66
Catman-Berrevoets, C. E., Kuypers, H. G. J. M., & Lemon, R. (1979) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(79)91477-0 · Cited by 65
Self-citationHashikawa, T., & Kawamura, K. (1977) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(77)90842-3 · Cited by 65
Synaptic actions evoked from the red nucleus on the spinal alpha-motoneurons in the rhesus monkey
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Recent Advances in Clinical Neurophysiology
Gilliatt, R. W. (1968) · PubMed Central · Cited by 62
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Morphological characteristics of dendrite bundles in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat
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Self-citation
Cited by
Cerebellar loops with motor cortex and prefrontal cortex of a nonhuman primate
Kelly, R. M., & Strick, P. L. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-23-08432.2003 · Cited by 1,595
Descending Pathways in Motor Control
Lemon, R. N. (2008) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125547 · Cited by 1,599
Factors influencing the force control during precision grip
Westling, G., & Johansson, R. S. (1984) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00238156 · Cited by 1,027
Cholinergic systems in mammalian brain and spinal cord
WOOLF, N. (1991) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(91)90006-m · Cited by 948
Predictions not commands: Active inference in the motor system
Adams, R. A., Shipp, S., & Friston, K. J. (2013) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-012-0475-5 · Cited by 765
Metadata
- Authors
- Kuypers, H. G. J. M.
- Venue
- Comprehensive Physiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1981-12
- Pages
- 597-666
- ISSN
- 2040-4603 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1555964335
- Cited by
- 640
- References
- 478
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.