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Cited by 128Psychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesCounseling Practices and Supervision

The relationship between the therapeutic alliance and clinical outcomes in cognitive behaviour therapy for adults with depression: A meta-analytic review

Open access
Cameron, Sarah Kate, Rodgers, Jacqui, Dagnan, Dave·2018·Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy
DOI 10.1002/cpp.2180
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Abstract

Research consistently provides evidence for the relationship between the therapeutic alliance (TA) and outcome across various therapies and presenting problems. Depression is considered the leading cause of disability worldwide, and there is substantial evidence for the efficacy for Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) in its treatment. At present, there is lack of clarity specifically about the relationship between the TA and outcome in CBT for depression. The present review is the first meta‐analytic review to explore this relationship and also considering moderators. Within a random‐effects model, an overall mean effect size of r = 0.26 (95% CI [.19–.32]) was found, indicating that the TA was moderately related to outcome in CBT for depression. The mean TA–outcome correlation is consistent with existing meta‐analysis that looked across a broad range of presenting problems and psychological therapies. A secondary exploratory analysis of moderators suggested the TA–outcome relationship varied according to the TA rater, where the relationship was weaker for therapist raters compared with clients and observer raters. Additionally, the results indicated that the TA–outcome relationship marginally increased over the course of CBT treatment. The results of the meta‐analysis are discussed in reference to the wider body of research, methodological limitations, clinical implications, and future directions for research.

Verified 2026-10-09 · 1 reference not checked yet

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This first meta-analytic review of the therapeutic alliance (TA) and outcome in CBT for adult depression found a moderate overall TA–outcome correlation of r = 0.26 (95% CI .19–.32) across 13 studies. Exploratory moderator analyses suggested the relationship was weaker for therapist-rated TA and marginally stronger later in treatment.

Key findings

  • Across 13 studies conducted between 1989 and 2015, with sample sizes from n = 21 to n = 128 and study correlations from r = 0.06 to r = 0.59, the overall mean TA–outcome correlation was r = 0.26 (95% CI .19–.32).
  • Effect sizes were homogeneous (Q = 9.66, df = 13, p = 0.646; I² = 0%), and Orwin’s failsafe N indicated 155 null-result studies would be needed to reduce the correlation to r < 0.01.
  • In exploratory moderator analyses, TA–outcome correlations were r = 0.21 (95% CI .12–.31) for early, r = 0.28 (95% CI .11–.43) for mid, r = 0.27 (95% CI .13–.40) for late, and r = 0.42 (95% CI .22–.59) for average time points; the average-time-point estimate had high heterogeneity (I² = 70.5%).
  • By TA rater, correlations were r = 0.27 (95% CI .19–.36) for client, r = 0.19 (95% CI .03–.33) for therapist, and r = 0.41 (95% CI .22–.58) for observer ratings; the observer estimate had higher heterogeneity (I² = 54.7%).

Methods

  • Systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of correlational studies reporting a TA–outcome relationship in individual, face-to-face CBT for adults (18+) with depression as the main target and depressive symptoms as the primary outcome.
  • Electronic database searches (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus to December 2015) plus author, journal, reference, ProQuest, and Google Scholar searches yielded 13 included papers after screening and exclusion of shared datasets.
  • One independent effect size per study was entered into Comprehensive Meta-Analysis; effect sizes were coded as positive correlations, with mean effect sizes calculated when studies reported multiple measures, raters, or time points. Moderator analyses used disaggregated effect sizes for TA time point and rater, weighted by original sample size.

Limitations

  • The paper states that synthesizing partial correlations is a limitation because partial correlations may inflate magnitude or alter direction, though it was done to control for prior depression severity.
  • The paper states that moderator analyses broke the meta-analytic assumption of independent effect sizes, did not test significance between groupings, and had small, unbalanced rater subgroups: client n = 9, therapist n = 4, observer n = 4.
  • The paper cautions that the “average” time-point and observer-rater findings had higher heterogeneity (I² = 70.5% and 54.7%, respectively), so those results should be interpreted more cautiously.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/cpp.2180

Cites

62 of 63 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 25 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data
    § Time point of therapeutic alliance measure · p. 15

    When the therapeutic alliance was measured at various time points and an average was presented, the relationship with outcome was r = 0.42 (95% CI .22 - .59).

    “When the TA was measured at various time points and an average was presented in the study, the relationship with outcome was r = 0.42 (95% CI .22 - .59).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Results · p. 14

    The overall mean correlation between therapeutic alliance and outcome was r = 0.26 (95% CI .19 - .32).

    “The overall mean correlation between TA and outcome was r = 0.26 (95% CI .19 - .32).”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · p. 3 · plain
      “an overall mean effect size of r = 0.26 (95% CI .19 - .32) was found”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Time point of therapeutic alliance measure · p. 15

    The mean effect size for the therapeutic alliance-outcome relationship measured mid-treatment was r = 0.28 (95% CI .11 -.43).

    “The mean effect sizes for the relationship between TA and outcome measured at early, mid and late in treatment were r = 0.21 (95% CI .12 - .31); r = 0.28 (95% CI .11 -.43) and r = 0.27 (95% CI .13 - .40).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Publication bias · p. 15

    Orwin's failsafe N identified that 155 studies that accepted the null hypothesis would be required to reduce the correlation to a trivial value (r = <0.01).

    “Orwin's failsafe N (Orwin, 1983) was used also to account for publication bias, which identified that 155 studies that accepted the null hypothesis would be required to reduce the correlation to a trivial value, i.e. r = &lt;0.01.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Orwin, 1983

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingown data
    § Time point of therapeutic alliance measure · p. 15

    The mean effect size for the therapeutic alliance-outcome relationship measured early in treatment was r = 0.21 (95% CI .12 - .31).

    “The mean effect sizes for the relationship between TA and outcome measured at early, mid and late in treatment were r = 0.21 (95% CI .12 - .31); r = 0.28 (95% CI .11 -.43) and r = 0.27 (95% CI .13 - .40).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 30
  • May combine two claims. 15

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data
    § Meta-Analytic Method · p. 11

    Thirteen papers were included in the meta-analysis.

    “Thirteen papers were included in the meta-analysis.”
    • Also stated in: § Results · p. 14 · plain
      “Thirteen studies were included in the investigation of the relationship between TA and outcome in CBT for depression.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning
    § Moderator analysis · p. 13

    Differences between groupings due to moderators were not examined for significance because the effect sizes were not independent.

    “Differences between groupings due to moderators were not examined for significance because the effect sizes were not independent.”
    • Also stated in: § Moderator analysis · p. 15 · plain
      “Significance between groupings within the moderators were not examined due to the effect sizes being non-independent of each other.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction · p. 5

    The therapeutic alliance has been consistently proposed to have a relationship with positive outcomes across various psychological therapies, with moderate effect sizes in meta-analyses.

    “The TA has been extensively investigated in general adult samples and a strong TA has been consistently proposed to have a relationship with positive outcomes across various psychological therapies, with moderate effect sizes found in meta-analyses (e.g. Martin et al , 2000, r = .22, k = 79; Horvath et al , 2011, r = .275, k = 190).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Martin et al, 2000

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Horvath et al, 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data
    § Method · p. 8

    The search terms were broad and resulted in a wide range of studies, including those relevant to the research question, as indicated by an initial pilot review.

    “The pilot review indicated that the search terms were broad and resulted in a wide range of studies, including those that were relevant to the research question.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction · p. 7

    Keijsers, Schaap and Hoogduin (2000) proposed there was evidence of a relationship between therapeutic alliance in CBT and outcome for depression.

    “This review proposed there was evidence of relationship between TA in CBT and outcome for depression.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Keijsers, Schaap and Hoogduin (2000)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § Abstract · p. 3

    The present review is the first meta-analytic review to explore the therapeutic alliance-outcome relationship in CBT for depression whilst also considering moderators.

    “The present review is the first meta-analytic review to explore this relationship whilst also considering moderators.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction · p. 6

    Meta-analyses have suggested there are no differences in the strength of the therapeutic alliance-outcome relationship across therapies.

    “However, meta-analyses have suggested that there are no differences in the strength of the TA-outcome relationship across therapies, e.g. Horvath et al (2011) looked at the alliance-outcome relationship across psychological therapies and problems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Horvath et al, 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction · p. 5

    CBT for depression has a strong evidence base and is highly efficacious.

    “CBT for depression has a strong evidence-base and is deemed to be highly efficacious (e.g. Gloaguen, 1998; Tolin, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Gloaguen, 1998

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Tolin, 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data
    § Meta-Analytic Method · p. 11

    A second-rater coded a sample of six final papers and there was 100% agreement between the raters.

    “a second-rater coded a sample of the final papers (six papers) and there was 100% agreement between the raters.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § Introduction · p. 8

    There is no existing meta-analysis of the therapeutic alliance-outcome relationship in CBT for depression.

    “Moreover, there is no existing meta-analysis in this area.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction · p. 6

    The therapeutic alliance is considered necessary to promote change in CBT, but not sufficient without the actual therapeutic techniques.

    “It is considered necessary to promote change, but not sufficient without the actual therapeutic techniques (Beck, 1995).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Beck, 1995

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction · p. 6

    Horvath et al (2011) reported an effect size of r = .35 for CBT as a subgroup in the alliance-outcome relationship.

    “CBT was examined as a subgroup and reported an effect size of r = .35, and there were no significant difference across different therapies (e.g. psychodynamic, interpersonal therapies).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Horvath et al, 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction · p. 6

    The therapeutic alliance has been increasingly acknowledged as a key process within CBT.

    “Although the TA was more traditionally associated with psychodynamic therapies, it has been increasingly acknowledged as a key process within Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT; Raue, 1997).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Raue, 1997

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction · p. 7

    Webb et al suggested that the therapeutic alliance assessed at late sessions was predicted by prior symptom change.

    “In addition, Webb et al suggested that the TA assessed at late sessions was predicted by prior symptom change.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Webb et al

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction · p. 6

    Raue (1997) found the therapeutic alliance was significantly higher in CBT compared to psychodynamic psychotherapy.

    “For example, Raue (1997) found the TA was significantly higher in CBT compared to psychodynamic psychotherapy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Raue (1997)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § Discussion · p. 17

    Although the therapeutic alliance-outcome finding may appear modest, it could be considered large in comparison to the relationship between other process variables and outcome in CBT.

    “Although this finding may appear modest, it could be considered large in comparison to the relationship between other process variables and outcome in CBT.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § Introduction · p. 7

    There are key differences between psychological therapies which could influence each therapy's association with the therapeutic alliance.

    “Additionally, there are key differences between psychological therapies which could influence each therapy's association with the TA.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § Introduction · p. 7

    Previous meta-analyses have provided effect sizes for the relationship between alliance and outcome in CBT across different problems.

    “Previous meta-analyses have provided effect sizes for the relationship between alliance and outcome in CBT across different problems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § Discussion · p. 16

    The effect sizes in the main analysis were homogeneous, suggesting that the correlation represents a single population of effects.

    “The effect sizes in the main analysis were homogeneous, suggesting that the correlation represents a single population of effects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given
    § Abstract · p. 3

    At present there is lack of clarity specifically about the relationship between the therapeutic alliance and outcome in CBT for depression.

    “At present there is lack of clarity specifically about the relationship between the TA and outcome in CBT for depression.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data
    § Discussion · p. 18

    For the therapeutic alliance rater analysis, two of the subgroups were small and it was unbalanced: Client (n = 9), Therapist (n = 4), and Observer (n = 4).

    “It should also be noted that for the TA rater analysis, two of the subgroups were small and it was unbalanced, where n represent the number of effect sizes; Client ( n = 9), Therapist ( n = 4) and Observer ( n = 4).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Study design and conductnone given
    § Discussion · p. 18

    Effect sizes from the same study were weighted appropriately to ensure their contribution was not overemphasised.

    “In addition, effect sizes from the same study were weighted appropriately to ensure their contribution was not overemphasised.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction · p. 6

    Research suggests that the strength and nature of the therapeutic alliance differs across therapy types.

    “There is research that suggests that the strength and nature of TA differs across therapy types (Barber et al , 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Barber et al, 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data
    § Discussion · p. 18

    The therapeutic alliance-outcome relationship was principally calculated using partial correlations, either between therapeutic alliance and post-treatment depression controlling for pre-treatment depression, or between therapeutic alliance and residualised change in depression scores controlling for the most recent session's depression score.

    “It was identified that the TA-outcome was principally calculated by partial correlation, either between TA and post-treatment depression, controlling for pre-treatment depression or between TA and residualised change in depression scores over treatment, controlling for the most recent session's depression score.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction · p. 6

    Beck (1995) emphasized that the therapeutic alliance is one of six basic principles of CBT and facilitates change.

    “Indeed, Beck (1995) emphasized that the TA is one of six basic principles of CBT and facilitates change.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Beck, 1995

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § Key practitioner message · p. 4

    The therapeutic alliance is related to outcome at all stages of therapy, although it may be strongest at late stages of therapy.

    “The therapeutic alliance is related to outcome at all stages of therapy, although it may be strongest at late stages of therapy.”
    • Also stated in: § Key practitioner message · p. 20 · hedged
      “The therapeutic alliance is related to outcome at all stages of therapy, although it may be strongest at late stages of therapy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Discussion · p. 17

    Webb et al (2010) reported mean effect sizes of the relationships between therapist adherence to treatment protocol and therapist competence with therapy outcome as r = 0.02 and r = 0.07 respectively.

    “For example, Webb et al (2010) reported mean effect sizes of the relationships between therapist adherence to treatment protocol and therapist competence with therapy outcome as r = 0.02 and r = 0.07 respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Webb et al (2010)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data
    § Discussion · p. 18

    Significant differences between groupings in the moderator analyses were not investigated because the effect sizes were not independent.

    “These analyses were exploratory and significant differences between groupings were not investigated because the effect sizes were not independent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § Discussion · p. 16

    The finding that therapeutic alliance is moderately related to outcome in CBT for depression is robust because Orwin's failsafe N identified that approximately 155 studies that accepted the null hypothesis would be needed to reduce the correlation to a trivial value (r = <0.01).

    “This finding is robust as Orwin's fail safe N statistic identified that approximately 155 studies that accepted the null hypothesis would be needed to reduce the correlation to a trivial value ( r = &lt;0.01).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Orwin, 1983

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction · p. 5

    The therapeutic alliance is viewed as a factor common to all treatments that is integral in determining positive therapy outcomes, at times considered as more significant than the treatment itself.

    “The TA is viewed as a factor common to all treatments that is integral in determining positive therapy outcomes, at times considered as more significant than the treatment itself (Messer &amp; Wampold, 2002).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Messer &amp; Wampold, 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Discussion · p. 16

    The difference in heterogeneity between this review and previous meta-analyses may be due to the present meta-analysis focusing on a specific presenting problem (depression) and therapy (CBT).

    “This may be due to the present meta-analysis focusing on a specific presenting problem (depression) and therapy (CBT).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction · p. 7

    Webb et al (2011) found that the therapeutic alliance predicted greater depressive symptom reduction in participants with depression engaged in CBT, controlling for temporal confounds.

    “Webb et al (2011) found that the TA predicated greater depressive symptom reduction in participants with depression engaged in CBT, controlling for 'temporal comfounds'”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Webb et al (2011)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § Introduction · p. 7

    Although CBT contains common elements across problems, there are disorder-specific models and the components of CBT for different problems can have differing emphasis.

    “Although CBT contains common elements across problems, there are disorder-specific models and the components of CBT for different problems can have differing emphasis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction · p. 7

    DeRubeis and Feeley (1990) found that prior depressive symptom improvement was related to a stronger therapeutic alliance, whereas they did not find a significant relationship between the therapeutic alliance and subsequent depression change.

    “They found that prior depressive symptom improvement was related to a stronger TA, whereas they did not find a significant relationship between the TA and subsequent depression change.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites DeRubeis and Feeley (1990)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Discussion · p. 18

    The use of partial correlations in meta-analyses can inflate the magnitude and alter the direction of the effect.

    “The difficulties of using partial correlations in meta-analyses are acknowledged, including the potential influence on inflating the magnitude and altering the direction of the effect (Aloe, 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Aloe, 2014

      Not checked in the free run.

35 of 35

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The association between therapeutic alliance and outcome in CBT for depression is at least partly causal, such that improving the alliance can improve outcomes.

    “Development of the therapeutic alliance may promote clinical outcomes in CBT for depression.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Differences in the therapeutic alliance-outcome relationship by rater reflect genuine differences in perspective between therapists and clients rather than measurement artifacts.

    “Therapists and clients may hold different views of their therapeutic alliance.”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Average time-point subgroup is counted as both eight and four

    Minor

    The results text assigns eight effect sizes to the average time-point subgroup, whereas Table 2 assigns it four. Four also makes the time-point subgroup counts sum to the stated total of 23.

  • Average time-point confidence interval differs between text and table

    Minor

    The results text gives the lower 95% confidence limit as .22, while Table 2 gives .23 for the same mean effect size.

  • Homogeneity test has the wrong degrees of freedom

    Minor

    The analysis includes 13 independent effect sizes, so the Q test has 13 − 1 = 12 degrees of freedom, not 13.

    Reported 13 · recomputed 12

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. APA, 1980, DSM‐III‐R: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
  2. APA, 2000, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM‐IV‐TR®
  3. Borenstein M., 2014, Comprehensive meta‐analysis version 3, 104
  4. Löffler U., 2014, Relationships between patients' ratings of alliance and therapists' ratings of CBT techniques: A naturalistic study in depressive disorders, Verhaltenstherapie und Verhaltensmedizin, 35, 334
  5. Orlinsky D. E., 1975, Varieties of Psychotherapeutic Experience: Multivariate Analysis of Patients' and Therapists' Reports
  6. WHO, 1992, The ICD‐10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Cameron, S. K., Rodgers, J., & Dagnan, D.
Affiliations
  • NHS Lanarkshire (GB)
  • Newcastle University (GB)
  • Cumbria Partnership NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
Corresponding author
Cameron, Sarah Kate
ORCID
Venue
Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2018-02-26
Volume
25
Issue
3
Pages
446-456
ISSN
  • 1063-3995 (ISSN-L)
  • 1099-0879
DOI
10.1002/cpp.2180
OpenAlex
W2792161256
Semantic Scholar
2e49c40b1734132ec2693407aa692ffffbf66aee
Cited by
128
References
61
Citations by year
2026: 29 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2
FWCI
1.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Insight (University of Cumbria) (acceptedVersion)
  • Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
Keywords
therapeutic relationship, cognitive behavioral therapy, depression, treatment outcomes, rater differences, moderators
MeSH terms
Adult, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Professional-Patient Relations, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome

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