Factor structure of the working alliance inventory
Abstract
The Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) was completed after the 1st psychotherapy session by 84 university counseling center clients and 15 therapists rating their work with 123 clients
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The Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) has strong psychometric properties and has been used widely in psychotherapy research.
“This measure has strong psychometric properties and has been used widely in psychotherapy research [57].”
The WAI and WAI-S have previously demonstrated reliability as well as convergent, concurrent, discriminant, and predictive validity.
“The WAI and WAI-S has previously demonstrated reliability as well as convergent, concurrent, discriminant, and predictive validity (Horvath and Greenberg, 1989; Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989).”
From Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with anxiety disorders: A feasibility study (2018) · cites this paper as Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989
The time of administration of the WAI (in terms of number of sessions) has been found to influence the rating of the working alliance.
“The time of administration of the WAI (in terms of the number of sessions) has been found to influence the rating of the working alliance [5,29].”
From Does the Quality of the Working Alliance Predict Treatment Outcome in Online Psychotherapy for Traumatized Patients? (2006) · cites this paper as [29]
High scores were also found on the non-VR-specific WAI-short form (WAI-S).
“High scores were also found on the non-VR-specific WAI-short form (WAI-S) [32].”
Additional outcome measures included treatment adherence, validated by the number of missed appointments and dropouts, medication compliance, satisfaction with treatment, and working alliance, measured by the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-4), Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8), and the short version of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI-S).
“Additional outcome measures included treatment adherence, validated by the number of missed appointments and dropouts, medication compliance, satisfaction with treatment, and working alliance, measured by the following self-reported instruments: Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-4) [16], Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8) [17], and the short version of the Working Alliance Inventory”
From Home-based psychiatric outpatient care through videoconferencing for depression: a randomized controlled follow-up trial (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
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- Authors
- Tracey, T. J., & Kokotovic, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Tracey, Terence J.
- Venue
- Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 1989-09
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 207-210
- ISSN
- 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-134X
- OpenAlex
- W2091499037
- Cited by
- 1,501
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 85 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 72
- FWCI
- 4.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics
- Keywords
- Working Alliance Inventory, therapeutic relationship, factor structure, psychotherapy, counseling center clients, therapist ratings
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