Artificial Intelligence for Quantitative Modeling in Drug Discovery and Development: An Innovation and Quality Consortium Perspective on Use Cases and Best Practices
Open accessAbstract
Recent breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have ushered in a new era of possibilities across various scientific domains. One area where these advancements hold significant promise is model‐informed drug discovery and development (MID3). To foster a wider adoption and acceptance of these advanced algorithms, the Innovation and Quality (IQ) Consortium initiated the AI/ML working group in 2021 with the aim of promoting their acceptance among the broader scientific community as well as by regulatory agencies. By drawing insights from workshops organized by the working group and attended by key stakeholders across the biopharma industry, academia, and regulatory agencies, this white paper provides a perspective from the IQ Consortium. The range of applications covered in this white paper encompass the following thematic topics: (i) AI/ML‐enabled Analytics for Pharmacometrics and Quantitative Systems Pharmacology (QSP) Workflows; (ii) Explainable Artificial Intelligence and its Applications in Disease Progression Modeling; (iii) Natural Language Processing (NLP) in Quantitative Pharmacology Modeling; and (iv) AI/ML Utilization in Drug Discovery. Additionally, the paper offers a set of best practices to ensure an effective and responsible use of AI, including considering the context of use, explainability and generalizability of models, and having human‐in‐the‐loop. We believe that embracing the transformative power of AI in quantitative modeling while adopting a set of good practices can unlock new opportunities for innovation, increase efficiency, and ultimately bring benefits to patients.
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As QSP increasingly integrates with machine learning, the bottleneck of manual parameter extraction becomes more acute.
“As QSP increasingly integrates with machine learning [6, 7, 8, 9, 10], the bottleneck of manual parameter extraction becomes more acute.”
From Structured Schemas for Provenance‐Rich, <scp>LLM</scp> ‐Assisted <scp>QSP</scp> Model Calibration (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
MAPLE's approach matches the IQ Consortium's recommendations for explainability and documented provenance in AI-assisted modeling.
“This matches the IQ Consortium's recommendations for explainability and documented provenance in AI‐assisted modeling [7].”
From Structured Schemas for Provenance‐Rich, <scp>LLM</scp> ‐Assisted <scp>QSP</scp> Model Calibration (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
This matches the IQ Consortium's recommendations for explainability and documented provenance in AI-assisted modeling7.
“This matches the IQ Consortium’s recommendations for explainability and documented provenance in AI-assisted modeling7.”
From Structured Schemas for Provenance-Rich, LLM-Assisted QSP Model Calibration (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Terranova, N., Renard, D., Shahin, M. H., Menon, S., Cao, Y., Hop, C. E. C. A., Hayes, S., Madrasi, K., Stodtmann, S., Tensfeldt, T., Vaddady, P., Ellinwood, N., & Lu, J.
- Affiliations
- Quantitative Pharmacology Merck KGaA Lausanne Switzerland
- Novartis (Switzerland) (CH)
- Pfizer (United States) (US)
- Eisai (United States) (US)
- Genentech (US)
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States) (US)
- Sanofi (United States) (US)
- AbbVie (Germany) (DE)
- Daiichi Sankyo (United States) (US)
- Eli Lilly (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ellinwood, Nicholas
- Lu, James
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-10-06
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 658-672
- ISSN
- 0009-9236 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-6535
- OpenAlex
- W4386797016
- Semantic Scholar
- b8c7ccbb2985f6d4c02b2ed4f7579a2e9d65934a
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 0.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Novartis Repository (Novartis) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Computational Drug Discovery Methods
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Keywords
- artificial intelligence in drug discovery, quantitative pharmacology, pharmacometrics, quantitative systems pharmacology, explainable AI, disease progression modeling, natural language processing, drug discovery, responsible AI use, human-in-the-loop, model generalization
- MeSH terms
- Machine Learning, Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, Humans, Natural Language Processing, Drug Discovery
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