Clinical predictors of early fluoxetine treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Open accessAbstract
Despite wide use, relatively little is known about sociodemographic and clinical characteristics that predict early fluoxetine response. What research has been conducted has produced inconsistent findings, which may be due to the statistical procedures used, and no studies to date have examined predictors of early fluoxetine treatment response. Sixty adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) completed an open-label fluoxetine trial for 8 weeks (up to 40 mg) after a 1-week, single-blind, placebo run-in before baseline assessment. The baseline and posttreatment assessment battery included the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale. Patient characteristics included illness duration, age, age of onset, gender, and pharmacological treatment history. Independent t-tests and multiple logistic regression analysis showed that longer illness duration, older age, and greater symptom severity were associated with nonresponse. Our findings highlight the impact of functional psychiatric impairment on determining those who may respond to treatment. Furthermore, findings suggest early predictors of patients with certain characteristics who may ultimately need adjunctive care to facilitate response.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The measures selected for this study mirror those commonly used in obsessive-compulsive disorder treatment outcome trials and are consistent with international expert consensus guidelines for determining treatment response.
“Measures selected for this study mirror those commonly used in treatment outcome trials for OCD [24,36,37] and are consistent with international expert consensus guidelines for determining treatment response [38].”
From Unified protocol for the discontinuation of long-term serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive compulsive disorder: Study protocol and methods (2018) · cites this paper as [36]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817 · see citing works
The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: I. Development, Use, and Reliability
Goodman, W. K. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007 · Cited by 7,712 · see citing works
Self-citationThe yale global tic severity scale: initial testing of a clinician-rated scale of tic severity
LECKMAN, J. F., RIDDLE, M. A., HARDIN, M. T., ORT, S. I., SWARTZ, K. L., STEVENSON, J., & COHEN, D. J. (1989) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198907000-00015 · Cited by 2,146 · see citing works
The Epidemiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Five US Communities
Karno, M. (1988) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800360042006 · Cited by 1,340 · see citing works
Data Analysis: A Model-Comparison Approach
Vining, G., Judd, C. M., & McClelland, G. H. (1992) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1269570 · Cited by 933 · see citing works
Mataix-Cols, D., Rauch, S. L., Manzo, P. A., Jenike, M. A., & Baer, L. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.9.1409 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Data Analysis: A Model-Comparison Approach.
Clark, V. A., Judd, C. M., & McClelland, G. H. (1990) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289821 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Quality of life for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Koran, L. M., Thienemann, M., & Davenport, R. (1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.6.783 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Tollefson, G. D. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950070051010 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
(1996) · PubMed · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Clinical Predictors of Drug Response in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Erzegovesi, S., Cavallini, M. C., Cavedini, P., Diaferia, G., Locatelli, M., & Bellodi, L. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-200110000-00006 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Davidson, J. R. T., Pearlstein, T., Londborg, P., Brady, K. T., Rothbaum, B., Bell, J., Maddock, R., Hegel, M. T., & Farfel, G. M. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.12.1974 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Predictors of course in obsessive compulsive disorder
Steketee, G. S., Eisen, J., DYCK, I. R., Warshaw, M. G., & Rasmussen, S. A. (1999) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(99)00104-3 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Obsessive-compulsive disorder in the community: an epidemiologic survey with clinical reappraisal
Stein, M. B., Forde, D. R., Anderson, G., & Walker, J. R. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.8.1120 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Predictors of drug treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Ravizza, L., Barzega, G., Bellino, S., Bogetto, F., & Maina, G. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Disability and Family Burden in Obsessive—Compulsive Disorder
Steketee, G. S. (1997) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674379704200902 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Medication Nonresponders With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Tolin, D. F., Maltby, N., Diefenbach, G. J., Hannan, S. E., & Worhunsky, P. D. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v65n0708 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Crino, R. D., Slade, T. N., & Andrews, G. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.5.876 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Shapira, N. A., Ward, H. E., MANDOKI, M. W., Murphy, T. K., Yang, M. C. K., Blier, P., & Goodman, W. K. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.11.010 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationAxis I and II comorbidity in a large sample of patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Denys, D. A. J. P., Tenney, N. H., van Megen, H. J. G. M., de Geus, F., & Westenberg, H. G. M. (2003) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(03)00056-9 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Six Months of Treatment for Depression: Outcome and Predictors of the Course of Illness
Mulder, R. T., Joyce, P. R., Frampton, C. M. A., Luty, S. E., & Sullivan, P. F. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.95 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Ackerman, D. L., Greenland, S., Bystritsky, A., Morgenstern, H., & Katz, R. J. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Hollander, E., Koran, L. M., Goodman, W. K., Greist, J. H., Ninan, P. T., Yang, H., Li, D., & Barbato, L. M. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v64n0604 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationRomano, S. J., Goodman, W. K., Tamura, R., & Gonzales, J. S. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-200102000-00009 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationÅberg‐Wistedt, A., Ågren, H., Ekselius, L., Bengtson, F., & Åkerblad, A. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-200012000-00010 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
A Predictive Study of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Response to Clomipramine
Alarcón, R. D., Libb, J. W., & SPITLER, D. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-199306000-00010 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Predictors of Treatment Response in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Ackerman, D. L., Greenland, S., Bystritsky, A., Morgenstern, H., & Katz, R. J. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-199408000-00004 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Mundo, E., Bareggi, S. R., Pirola, R., & Bellodi, L. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00027-4 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Predictors of response to pharmacotherapy with citalopram in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Stein, D. J., Montgomery, S., Kasper, S. F., & Tanghøj, P. (2001) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004850-200111000-00007 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
A score for predicting response to pharmacotherapy in obsessive???compulsive disorder
Denys, D., Burger, H., van Megen, H., de Geus, F., & Westenberg, H. (2003) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004850-200311000-00002 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Childhood-Onset Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Swedo, S. E., Leonard, H. L., & Rapoport, J. L. (1992) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30207-7 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Clinical Characteristics of Response to Fluoxetine Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Ackerman, D. L., Greenland, S., & Bystritsky, A. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-199806000-00002 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Bergeron, R., Ravindran, A. V., Chaput, Y., Goldner, E. M., Swinson, R. P., Ameringen, M. A. V., Austin, C., & Hadrava, V. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-200204000-00007 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
DeVeaugh-Geiss, J., Katz, R. J., Landau, P., Goodman, W. K., & Rasmussen, S. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationPollack, M. H., Rapaport, M. H., Fayyad, R. S., Otto, M. W., Nierenberg, A. A., & Clary, C. M. (2002) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3956(02)00010-9 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Early treatment response in anxious outpatients treated with diazepam
Downing, R. W., & Rickels, K. (1985) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1985.tb02649.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Early response to clozapine in schizophrenia
Stern, R. G., Kahn, R. S., Davidson, M. E., Nora, R. M., & Davis, K. L. (1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.12.1817 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Drug treatment of panic disorder: early response to treatment as a predictor of final outcome
Albus, M., Lecrubier, Y., Maier, W., Buller, R., Rosenberg, R., & Hippius, H. (1990) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb01401.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ackerman, D. L., Greenland, S., & Bystritsky, A. M. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Initial Improvement as a Criterion for Drug Choice in Acute Schizophrenia
Klimke, A., Klieser, E., Lehmann, E., & Miele, L. (1993) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/s-2007-1014337 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The antiobsessional effects of clomipramine do not require concomitant affective disorder
Katz, R. J., & DeVeaugh-Geiss, J. (1990) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(90)90115-l · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Early versus late onset obsessive–compulsive disorder: Evidence for distinct subtypes
Taylor, S. J. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.06.007 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Child and Adolescent Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Barrett, P. M., Farrell, L. J., Piña, A., Peris, T. S., & Piacentini, J. C. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410701817956 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Drug treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Kellner, M. B. (2010) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2010.12.2/mkellner · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Storch, E. A., Björgvinsson, Þ., Riemann, B. C., Lewin, A. B., Morales, M. J., & Murphy, T. K. (2010) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2010.74.2.167 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationDell'osso, B., Benatti, B., Buoli, M., Altamura, A., Marazziti, D., Hollander, E., Fineberg, N., Stein, D., Pallanti, S., Nicolini, H., et al. (2013) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.05.004 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Islam, L., Franzini, A., Messina, G., Scarone, S., & Gambini, O. (2014) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2014.12.024 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Brennan, B. P., Lee, C., Elias, J. A., Crosby, J. M., Mathes, B. M., André, M., Gironda, C. M., Pope, H. G., Jenike, M. A., Fitzmaurice, G. M., et al. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.05.008 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Zitterl, W., Aigner, M., Stompe, T., Zitterl‐Eglseer, K., Gutiérrez‐Lobos, K., Schmidl-Mohl, B., Wenzel, T., Demal, U., Zettinig, G., Hornik, K., et al. (2006) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301290 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Boschen, M. J., Drummond, L. M., Pillay, A., & Morton, K. (2009) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.10.006 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapeutic Strategies and New Targets in OCD
Pittenger, C. (2021) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2020_204 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Predictors of response to serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Hazari, N., Narayanaswamy, J. C., & Arumugham, S. S. (2016) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2016.1199960 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Serretti, A., Chiesa, A., Calati, R., Perna, G., Bellodi, L., & Ronchi, D. D. (2008) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0b013e32831db2d7 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Esposito, S., Bianchini, S., Baggi, E., Fattizzo, M., & Rigante, D. (2014) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-014-2185-9 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Altamura, A. C., Buoli, M., & Serati, M. (2011) · Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.2217/npy.10.2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Dell’Osso, B. M., Benatti, B., Oldani, L., Spagnolin, G., & Altamura, A. C. (2014) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852914000339 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Blázquez, A., Mas, S., Plana, M. T., Gassó, P., Méndez, I., Torra, M., Arnáiz, J. A., Lafuente, A., & Lázaro, L. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000121 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
López, R. G., Perea‐Milla, E., Garcia, C. R., Rivas‐Ruiz, F., Romero-González, J., Moreno, J. L. C., Felipe, V. F., Aguas, G. D. C., & Diaz, J. C. R. (2009) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-10-16 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Alemany-Navarro, M., Costas, J., Real, E., Segalàs, C., Bertolín, S., Domènech, L., Rabionet, R., Carracedo, Á., Menchón, J. M., & Alonso, P. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0410-0 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Storch, E. A., Tendler, A., Schneider, S. C., Guzick, A. G., Buissonnière-Ariza, V. L., & Goodman, W. K. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.10.023 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationDell’Osso, B. M., Benatti, B., Hollander, E., & Altamura, A. C. (2016) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2016.1249891 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Zheng, H., Luo, G., Yao, S., Wang, S., Guo, G., Quan, D., & Gao, J. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.10.019 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hasanpour, H., Meibodi, R. G., Navi, K., & Asadi, S. (2018) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s173388 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Tubío-Fungueiriño, M., Alemany-Navarro, M., Alonso, P., Arrojo, M., Real, E., Bertolín, S., Menchón, J. M., Carracedo, Á., Fernández‐Prieto, M., & Segalàs, C. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.063 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Reid, J. M., Storch, E. A., & Murphy, T. K. (2009) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-009-9275-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationGhasemi, F., Shalbaf, A., & Esteki, A. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3558845 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Astaneh, A. N., Sadighi, G., Alibeigi, N., Abdollahzadeh, P., & Abdollahzadeh, B. (2022) · Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran · doi:10.47176/mjiri.36.13 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
D′Alcante, C. C. (2010) · doi:10.11606/d.5.2010.tde-07042010-121058 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Boisseau, C. L., & Rasmussen, S. A. (2018) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2017.12.017
“Measures selected for this study mirror those commonly used in treatment outcome trials for OCD [24,36,37] and are consistent with international expert consensus guidelines for determining treatment response [38].”
Trajetória das comorbidades no transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo
de Mathis, M. A. S. (2012) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2012.tde-28022012-104600
Safiloo, S., Mehrabi, Y., Asadi, S., & Khodakarim, S. (2021) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017902117010151
Current awareness in human psychopharmacology
(2007) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.793
Shavitt, R. G. (2020) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.735010629.793580430
- Authors
- Storch, E. A., Larson, M. J., Shapira, N. A., Ward, H. E., Murphy, T. K., Geffken, G. R., Valerio, H., & Goodman, W. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Storch, Eric A.
- Venue
- Depression and Anxiety
- Publisher
- Hindawi Limited
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 429-433
- ISSN
- 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6394
- OpenAlex
- W2086045023
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1 (tdm, 3530 d)
- Locations
- Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH45802)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- obsessive-compulsive disorder, fluoxetine, treatment response prediction, early predictors, disease duration, age, symptom severity, nonresponse, adjunctive therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Chronic Disease, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Administration Schedule, Female, Fluoxetine, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Prognosis, Statistics as Topic, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
