Brainstem mechanisms underlying the sudden infant death syndrome: evidence from human pathologic studies
Abstract
The brainstem hypothesis is one of the leading hypotheses concerning the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). It states that SIDS, or an important subset of SIDS, is due to abnormal brainstem mechanisms in the control of respiration, chemosensitivity, autonomic regulation, and/or arousal which impairs the infant's response to life-threatening, but often occurring, stressors during sleep (e.g., hypoxia, hypercarbia, asphyxia, hyperthermia) and leads to sudden death in a vulnerable developmental period. In this review, we summarize neuropathologic evidence from SIDS cases that support this hypothesis, beginning with the seminal report of subtle brainstem gliosis three decades ago. We focus upon recent neurochemical studies in our laboratory concerning the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) and its key role in mediating protective responses to homeostatic stressors via medullary circuits. The possible fetal origin of brainstem defects in SIDS is reviewed, including evidence for adverse effects of prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking and alcohol upon the postnatal development of human brainstem 5-HT pathways.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
A review of central 5-HT receptors and their function
Barnes, N. M., & Sharp, T. (1999) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0028-3908(99)00010-6 · Cited by 3,150 · see citing works
Infant mortality statistics from the 2004 period linked birth/infant death data set.
Mathews, T. J., & MacDorman, M. F. (2007) · PubMed · doi:10.13016/v2ql-unmj · Cited by 1,044 · see citing works
Willinger, M., James, L. S., & CATZ, C. S. (1991) · Pediatric Pathology · doi:10.3109/15513819109065465 · Cited by 935 · see citing works
Dorsal raphe neurons: depression of firing during sleep in cats
McGinty, D., & Harper, R. M. (1976) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90480-7 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Raphe unit activity in freely moving cats: correlation with level of behavioral arousal.
Trulson, M., & Jacobs, B. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90157-4 · Cited by 815 · see citing works
Filiano, J. J., & Kinney, H. C. (2009) · Biology of the Neonate · doi:10.1159/000244052 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
The Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Kinney, H. C., & Thach, B. T. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra0803836 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Multiple Serotonergic Brainstem Abnormalities in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Paterson, D. S., Trachtenberg, F. L., Thompson, E. G., Belliveau, R. A., Beggs, A. H., Darnall, R., Chadwick, A. E., Krous, H. F., & Kinney, H. C. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.296.17.2124 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Differential control of sympathetic outflow
Morrison, S. F. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.3.r683 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Decreased Muscarinic Receptor Binding in the Arcuate Nucleus in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Kinney, H. C., Filiano, J. J., Sleeper, L. A., Mandell, F., Valdés-Dapena, M., & White, W. F. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7660131 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Panigrahy, A., Filiano, J. J., Sleeper, L. A., Mandell, F., Valdés-Dapena, M., Krous, H. F., Rava, L. A., Foley, E., White, W. F., & Kinney, H. C. (2000) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/59.5.377 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Biogenic amine transporters: regulation in flux
Blakely, R., & Bauman, A. L. (2000) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00088-x · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Mason, P. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.737 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Kinney, H. C., Filiano, J. J., & White, W. F. (2001) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/60.3.228 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Infant mortality statistics from the 2003 period linked birth/infant death data set.
Mathews, T. J., & MacDorman, M. F. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Peña‐Ortega, F., & Ramirez, J. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-24-11055.2002 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Brain-stem and Adrenal Abnormalities in the Sudden-infant-death Syndrome
Naeye, R. L. (1976) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1093/ajcp/66.3.526 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Lewis, K., & Bosque, E. M. (1995) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(95)70155-9 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Cerebral hypoperfusion in the sudden infant death syndrome? brainstem gliosis and vasculature
Takashima, S., Armstrong, D. L., Becker, L. E., & Bryan, C. A. (1978) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410040312 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Among Northern Plains Indians
Iyasu, S. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.21.2717 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Acidosis-Stimulated Neurons of the Medullary Raphe Are Serotonergic
Wang, W., Tiwari, J. K., Bradley, S. R., Zaykin, R. V., & Richerson, G. B. (2001) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2001.85.5.2224 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Fetal and adolescent nicotine administration: effects on CNS serotonergic systems
Xu, Z., Seidler, F. J., Ali, S. F., Slikker, W., & Slotkin, T. A. (2001) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02797-4 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Kinney, H. C., Randall, L. L., Sleeper, L. A., Willinger, M., Belliveau, R. A., Zec, N., Rava, L. A., Dominici, L. S., Iyasu, S., Randall, B. B., et al. (2003) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/62.11.1178 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Narita, N., Narita, M., Takashima, S., Nakayama, M., Nagai, T., & Okado, N. (2001) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.107.4.690 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
‘Reactive Gliosis’ in the Medulla Oblongata of Victims of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Kinney, H. C., Burger, P. C., Harrell, F. E., & Hudson, R. P. (1983) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.72.2.181 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Incomplete Arousal Processes in Infants Who Were Victims of Sudden Death
Kato, I., Franco, P., Groswasser, J., Scaillet, S., Kelmanson, I. A., Togari, H., & Kahn, A. (2003) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200301-134oc · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Presynaptic Nicotinic Receptors Facilitate Monoaminergic Transmission
Li, X., Rainnie, D. G., McCarley, R. W., & Greene, R. W. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-05-01904.1998 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Mößner, R., Daniel, S., Albert, D., Heils, A., Okladnova, O., Schmitt, A. G., & Lesch, K. (2000) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/s0197-0186(99)00122-9 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Chemosensitive serotonergic neurons are closely associated with large medullary arteries
Bradley, S. R., Pieribone, V. A., Wang, W., Severson, C., Jacobs, R. A., & Richerson, G. B. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn848 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Arcuate Nucleus Hypoplasia in the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Filiano, J. J., & Kinney, H. C. (1992) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199207000-00002 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Nattie, E., Li, A., Richerson, G. B., & Lappi, D. A. (2004) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.059766 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Prenatal exposure to cigarette smoking is associated with a decrease in arousal in infants
Franco, P., Groswasser, J., Hassid, S., Lanquart, J. P., Scaillet, S., & Kahn, A. (1999) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70324-0 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The prone sleeping position impairs arousability in term infants
Horne, R. S. C., Ferens, D. M., Watts, A.-M., Vitkovic, J., Lacey, B., Andrew, S., Cranage, S. M., Chau, B., & Adamson, T. M. (2001) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1067/mpd.2001.114475 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Weese‐Mayer, D. E., Berry‐Kravis, E., Maher, B. S., Silvestri, J. M., Curran, M. E., & Marazita, M. L. (2003) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.20005 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Bou, C., Lajard, A.-M., Monteau, R., Maeyer, E. D., Seif, I., Lanoir, J., & Hilaire, G. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-12-04646.2000 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
van Dyck, C. H., Malison, R. T., Staley, J. K., Jacobsen, L. K., Seibyl, J. P., Laruelle, M. A., Baldwin, R. M., Innis, R. B., & Gelernter, J. E. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.3.525 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Alteration of Serotonergic Receptors in the Brain Stems of Human Patients with Respiratory Disorders
Ozawa, Y., & Okado, N. (2002) · Neuropediatrics · doi:10.1055/s-2002-33678 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Decreased Kainate Receptor Binding in the Arcuate Nucleus of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Panigrahy, A., Filiano, J. J., Sleeper, L. A., Mandell, F., Valdés-Dapena, M., Krous, H. F., Rava, L. A., White, W. F., & Kinney, H. C. (1997) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199711000-00010 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Zhou, F. C., Sari, Y., Zhang, J. K., Goodlett, C. R., & Li, T. (2001) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(00)00144-9 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Sleep position, autonomic function, and arousal
Galland, B. C., Reeves, G., Taylor, B. J., & Bolton, D. (1998) · Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal & Neonatal · doi:10.1136/fn.78.3.f189 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Effects of in Utero Ethanol Exposure on the Developing Serotonergic System
Druse, M. J., Kuo, A., & Tajuddin, N. F. (1991) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb00578.x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Brainstem 3H-Nicotine Receptor Binding in the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Nachmanoff, D. B., Panigrahy, A., Filiano, J. J., Mandell, F., Sleeper, L. A., Valdés-Dapena, M., Krous, H. F., White, W. F., & Kinney, H. C. (1998) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199811000-00004 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Weese‐Mayer, D. E., Zhou, L., Berry‐Kravis, E., Maher, B. S., Silvestri, J. M., & Marazita, M. L. (2003) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.20427 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Takashima, S., & Becker, L. E. (1991) · Neuropediatrics · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1071424 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Candidate cell populations for respiratory chemosensitive fields in the human infant medulla
Filiano, J. J., Choi, J. C., & Kinney, H. C. (1990) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902930308 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The role of brain serotonin. A neurophysiologic perspective.
Jacobs, B. L., Wilkinson, L. O., & Fornal, C. A. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Problems, Progress and Possibilities
Dickinson, H. O. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7312.579/a · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Development of serotonergic neurons and their projections
Rubenstein, J. L. R. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00133-4 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Heart rate variation in normal infants and victims of the sudden infant death syndrome
Schechtman, V. L., Harper, R. M., Kluge, K. A., Wilson, A. J., Hoffman, H. J., & Southall, D. P. (1989) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/0378-3782(89)90077-7 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Messier, M. L., Li, A., & Nattie, E. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00805.2003 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Lovick, T. A. (1997) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1997.sp004013 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Abnormalities of the Brainstem Serotonergic System in the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Review
Kinney, H. C. (2005) · Pediatric and Developmental Pathology · doi:10.1007/s10024-005-0067-y · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Matturri, L., Biondo, B., Mercurio, P., & Rossi, L. (2000) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s004010051138 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Effect of prone sleeping on circulatory control in infants
Chong, A. (2000) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.82.3.253 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Altered arousal response in infants exposed to cigarette smoke
Chang, A. B. (2003) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.88.1.30 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Kinney, H. C., Myers, M. M., Belliveau, R. A., Randall, L. L., Trachtenberg, F. L., Fingers, S. T., Youngman, M., Habbe, D., & Fifer, W. P. (2005) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/01.jnen.0000174334.27708.43 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Neuronal cell death in the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome brainstem and associations with risk factors
Machaalani, R., & Waters, K. A. (2007) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm290 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Duncan, J. R., Randall, L. L., Belliveau, R. A., Trachtenberg, F. L., Randall, B. B., Habbe, D., Mandell, F., Welty, T. K., Iyasu, S., & Kinney, H. C. (2007) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00093.x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Penatti, E. M., Berniker, A. V., Kereshi, B., Cafaro, C., Kelly, M. L., Niblock, M. M., Gao, H. G., Kinney, H. C., Li, A., & Nattie, E. (2006) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00376.2006 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Monteau, R., Morin, D., Hennequin, S., & Hilaire, G. (1990) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(90)90356-e · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Schechtman, V. L., Lee, M. Y., Wilson, A. J., & Harper, R. M. (1996) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-199610000-00010 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The development of the medullary serotonergic system in early human life
Kinney, H. C., Belliveau, R. A., Trachtenberg, F. L., Rava, L. A., & Paterson, D. S. (2007) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2006.11.001 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
ALCOHOL INTAKE AFTER SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER INACTIVATION IN MICE
Kelaï, S. (2003) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agg095 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Ethanol modulates nicotine-induced upregulation of nAChRs
Dohrman, D. P., & Reiter, C. K. (2003) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02593-9 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Changes in serotonin metabolism may elicit obstructive apnoea in the newborn rat.
Hilaire, G., Morin, D., Lajard, A.-M., & Monteau, R. (1993) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019725 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Obonai, T., Takashima, S., Becker, L. E., Asanuma, M., Mizuta, R., Horie, H., & Tanaka, J. (1996) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/s0887-8994(96)00217-2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Brown, J. W., Sirlin, E. A., Benoit, A. M., Hoffman, J. M., & Darnall, R. A. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00655.2007 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Reduced Arousals Following Obstructive Apneas in Infants Sleeping Prone
Groswasser, J., Simon, T., Scaillet, S., Franco, P., & Kahn, A. (2001) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-200103000-00015 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Kinney, H. C., McHugh, T. L., Miller, K., Belliveau, R. A., & Assmann, S. F. (2002) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/61.5.427 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Decreased Arousals in Infants Who Sleep With the Face Covered by Bedclothes
Franco, P., Lipshutz, W., Valente, F., Adams, S., Scaillet, S., & Kahn, A. (2002) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.109.6.1112 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Darnall, R. A., Harris, M. B., Gill, W. H., Hoffman, J. M., Brown, J. W., & Niblock, M. M. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1770-05.2005 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Population trends in sudden infant death syndrome
Ponsonby, A., Dwyer, T., & Cochrane, J. (2002) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1053/sper.2002.34774 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Awtry, T. L., & Werling, L. L. (2003) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.10259 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Ootsuka, Y., & Blessing, W. W. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.031 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Endogenous 5‐HT2B receptor activation regulates neonatal respiratory activity in vitro
Günther, S., Maroteaux, L., & Schwarzacher, S. W. (2006) · Journal of Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/neu.20253 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Machaalani, R., & Waters, K. A. (2003) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/62.10.1076 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Druse, M. J., Tajuddin, N. F., Gillespie, R. A., & Le, P. T. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.065 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Pelaez, N. M., Schreihofer, A. M., & Guyenet, P. G. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00154.2002 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
de Fiebre, N. C., & de Fiebre, C. M. (2004) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.09.054 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Taylor, N. C., Li, A., Green, A., Kinney, H. C., & Nattie, E. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00496.2004 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Delayed neuronal maturation of the medullary arcuate nucleus in sudden infant death syndrome
Biondo, B., Lavezzi, A. M., Tosi, D., Turconi, P., & Matturri, L. (2003) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-003-0757-3 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Active caspase-3 in the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) brainstem
Machaalani, R., Rodriguez, M. L., & Waters, K. A. (2007) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-007-0216-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Alpha2Receptor Binding in the Medulla Oblongata in the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Mansouri, J., Panigrahy, A., Filiano, J. J., Sleeper, L. A., John, W. M. S., & Kinney, H. C. (2001) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/60.2.141 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Cardiac autonomic characteristics in infants sleeping with their head covered by bedclothes
Franco, P., Lipshut, W., Valente, F., Adams, S., Groswasser, J., & Kahn, A. (2003) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2003.00340.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The discharge of a subset of serotonergic raphe magnus cells is influenced by baroreceptor input
Gao, K., & Mason, P. (2001) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02294-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hoffman, J. M., Brown, J. W., Sirlin, E. A., Benoit, A. M., Gill, W. H., Harris, M. B., & Darnall, R. A. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00816.2006 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kim, E., Lee, M., Kim, H. K., Sim, Y.-J., Shin, M.-S., Lee, S., Yang, H., Chang, H.-K., Lee, T.-H., Jang, M.-H., et al. (2005) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2004.11.008 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Curran, A. K., & Leiter, J. C. (2007) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2007.037481 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kallmann syndrome gene (KAL-X) is not mutated in schizophrenia
O’Neill, M. J., Brewer, W. J., Thornley, C., Copolov, D., Warne, G. L., Sinclair, A. H., Forrest, S., & Williamson, R. (1999) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990205)88:1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The role of serotonergic system in body temperature regulation.
Nagai, M. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Blair, P. S. (2003) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.88.12.1031 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 92 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Moon, R. Y., & Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (2011) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2284 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
Moon, R. Y., TASK FORCE ON SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME, Darnall, R. A., Feldman-Winter, L., Goodstein, M. H., & Hauck, F. R. (2016) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2940 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Moon, R. Y., & Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (2011) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2285 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
England, L. J., Aagaard, K., Bloch, M., Conway, K., Cosgrove, K., Grana, R., Gould, T. J., Hatsukami, D., Jensen, F., Kandel, D., et al. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.013 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Does moderate drinking harm the fetal brain? Insights from animal models
Valenzuela, C. F., Morton, R. A., Diaz, M. R., & Topper, L. A. (2012) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2012.01.006 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
The role of the autonomic nervous system in arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death
Franciosi, S., Perry, F. K. G., Roston, T. M., Armstrong, K. R., Claydon, V. E., & Sanatani, S. (2017) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2017.03.005 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Zhou, S., Rosenthal, D. G., Sherman, S., Zelikoff, J., Gordon, T., & Weitzman, M. (2014) · Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2014.03.007 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Moon, R. Y., Carlin, R. F., & Hand, I. L. (2022) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2022-057991 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Newborn infants learn during sleep
Fifer, W. P., Byrd, D. L., Kaku, M. C., Eigsti, I., Isler, J. R., Grose‐Fifer, J., Tarullo, A. R., & Balsam, P. D. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1005061107 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Brainstem network disruption: A pathway to sudden unexplained death in epilepsy?
Mueller, S. G., Nei, M., Bateman, L. M., Knowlton, R. C., Laxer, K. D., Friedman, D. J., Devinsky, O., & Goldman, A. M. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24325 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The physiological determinants of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Garcia, A. J., Koschnitzky, J. E., & Ramirez, J. (2013) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2013.05.032 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Weitzman, M. L., Baten, A., Rosenthal, D. G., Hoshino, R., Tohn, E., & Jacobs, D. E. (2013) · Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2013.06.001 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Cheng, J., Norstrand, D. W. V., Medeiros‐Domingo, A., Valdivia, C. R., Tan, B., Ye, B., Kroboth, S. L., Vatta, M., Tester, D. J., January, C. T., et al. (2009) · Circulation Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology · doi:10.1161/circep.109.891440 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Ambient heat and sudden infant death: a case-crossover study spanning 30 years in Montreal, Canada
Auger, N., Fraser, W. D., Smargiassi, A., & Kosatsky, T. (2015) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1307960 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Development of ventilatory control in infants
Carroll, J. L., & Agarwal, A. (2010) · Paediatric Respiratory Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2010.06.002 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Lavezzi, A. M., Corna, M. F., & Matturri, L. (2013) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2013.03.012 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Slotkin, T. A., Seidler, F. J., & Spindel, E. R. (2011) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2011.02.001 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Sudden infant death and social justice: A syndemics approach
Bartick, M., & Tomori, C. (2018) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12652 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Quantification of periodic breathing in premature infants
Mohr, M. A., Fairchild, K. D., Patel, M., Sinkin, R. A., Clark, M., Moorman, J. R., Lake, D. E., Kattwinkel, J., & Delos, J. B. (2015) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/36/7/1415 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Developmental changes in the morphology of mouse hypoglossal motor neurons
Kanjhan, R., Fogarty, M. J., Noakes, P. G., & Bellingham, M. C. (2015) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-015-1130-8 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Medullary serotonin neurons are CO2 sensitive in situ
Iceman, K. E., Richerson, G. B., & Harris, M. B. (2013) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00288.2013 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Activity of Tachykinin1 -Expressing Pet1 Raphe Neurons Modulates the Respiratory Chemoreflex
Hennessy, M. L., Corcoran, A. E., Brust, R. D., Chang, Y., Nattie, E., & Dymecki, S. M. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2316-16.2016 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Matschke, J., Büttner, A., Bergmann, M., Hagel, C., Püschel, K., & Glatzel, M. (2014) · Zeitschrift für Rechtsmedizin · doi:10.1007/s00414-014-1060-7 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mage, D. T., & Donner, M. E. (2009) · International Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1155/2009/368270 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Liu, Q., & Wong‐Riley, M. T. T. (2009) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.22265 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Whole-Brain Monosynaptic Inputs to Hypoglossal Motor Neurons in Mice
Guo, H., Yuan, X.-S., Zhou, J.-C., Chen, H., Li, S., Qu, W., & Huang, Z. (2020) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-020-00468-9 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Fournier, S., Steele, S. L., Julien, C. A., Fournier, S., Gulemetova, R., Caravagna, C., Soliz, J., Bairam, A., & Kinkead, R. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1214-12.2013 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Breathing and the nervous system
Urfy, M., & Suárez, J. I. (2013) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-4086-3.00017-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
MacFarlane, P. M., Mayer, C. A., & Litvin, D. G. (2015) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp271845 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Bright, F., Vink, R., Byard, R. W., Duncan, J. R., Krous, H. F., & Paterson, D. S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184958 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Mechanisms underlying a critical period of respiratory development in the rat
Wong‐Riley, M. T. T., Liu, Q., & Gao, X. (2019) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2019.04.006 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Basics and Dynamics of Neonatal and Pediatric Pharmacology
Seyberth, H. W., & Kauffman, R. E. (2011) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20195-0_1 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy and the Dilemma of Defining the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Krous, H. F. (2010) · Current Pediatric Reviews · doi:10.2174/157339610791317205 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Neonatal stress increases respiratory instability in rat pups
Gulemetova, R., & Kinkead, R. (2011) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2011.01.014 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Gorini, C., Philbin, K. E., Bateman, R., & Mendelowitz, D. (2010) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00442.2010 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Extramedullary hematopoiesis involving the central nervous system and surrounding structures
Zherebitskiy, V. A., Morales, C., & Bigio, M. R. D. (2011) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2011.01.006 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Rand, C. M., Patwari, P. P., Carroll, M. S., & Weese‐Mayer, D. E. (2013) · Seminars in Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.spen.2013.01.005 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Candidate gene variants of the immune system and sudden infant death syndrome
Fard, D., Läer, K., Rothämel, T., Schürmann, P., Arnold, M., Cohen, M. C., Vennemann, M. M., Pfeiffer, H., Bajanowski, T., Pfeufer, A., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Legal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00414-016-1347-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Lavezzi, A. M., Ferrero, S., Roncati, L., Matturri, L., & Pusiol, T. (2016) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1080/01616412.2016.1201632 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Lower Brainstem Regulation of Visceral, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Function
Blessing, W. W., & Benarroch, E. E. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374236-0.10029-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Initial Common Pathway of Inflammation, Disease, and Sudden Death
Davidson, R. M., & Seneff, S. (2012) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e14081399 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Jaiswal, S. J., Wollman, L., Harrison, C. M., Pilarski, J. Q., & Fregosi, R. F. (2015) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.22318 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A group of non-serotonergic cells is CO2-stimulated in the medullary raphé
Iceman, K. E., & Harris, M. B. (2013) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.060 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Neuropathological Developments in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Bright, F., Vink, R., & Byard, R. W. (2018) · Pediatric and Developmental Pathology · doi:10.1177/1093526618776439 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome – Role of Trigeminocardiac Reflex: A Review
Singh, G. P., Chowdhury, T., Bindu, B., & Schaller, B. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2016.00221 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Detection and response to acute systemic hypoxia
Kane, A. D., Kothmann, E., & Giussani, D. A. (2020) · BJA Education · doi:10.1016/j.bjae.2019.10.004 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Rousseau, J.-P., Lopes, L. T., Baldy, C., Janes, T. A., Fournier, S., & Kinkead, R. (2017) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2017.03.013 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Sudden and unexpected death in early life: proceedings of a symposium in honor of Dr. Henry F. Krous
Kinney, H. C., Rognum, T. O., Nattie, E., Haddad, G. G., Hyma, B. A., McEntire, B. L., Paterson, D. S., Crandall, L., & Byard, R. W. (2012) · Forensic Science Medicine and Pathology · doi:10.1007/s12024-012-9376-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Significant Association of TH01 Allele 9.3 and SIDS
Courts, C., & Madea, B. (2011) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01670.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lavezzi, A. M., Ferrero, S., Paradiso, B., Chamitava, L., Piscioli, F., & Pusiol, T. (2018) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1669398 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Dysregulation of heart and brain specific micro-RNA in sudden infant death syndrome
Courts, C., Grabmüller, M., & Madea, B. (2013) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.02.032 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bright, F., Vink, R., & Byard, R. W. (2018) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2018.02.006 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Current SIDS research: time to resolve conflicting research hypotheses and collaborate
Goldwater, P. N. (2023) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-023-02611-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Polymorphisms in genes of respiratory control and sudden infant death syndrome
Läer, K., Dörk, T., Vennemann, M., Rothämel, T., & Klintschar, M. (2015) · International Journal of Legal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00414-015-1232-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Cellular mechanisms of activity-dependent BDNF expression in primary sensory neurons
Vermehren‐Schmaedick, A., Khanjian, R., & Bałkowiec, A. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.007 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Tipene‐Leach, D., Baddock, S. A., Williams, S., Jones, R., Tangiora, A., Abel, S. L., & Taylor, B. J. (2014) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2431-14-240 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Genetics of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Brownstein, C. A., Poduri, A., Goldstein, R. D., & Holm, I. A. (2018) · University of Adelaide Press eBooks · doi:10.20851/sids-31 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Seizure-Related Autonomic Changes in Children
Moseley, B. D. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/wnp.0000000000000138 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Fresh Look at the History of SIDS
Wright, J. R. (2017) · Academic Forensic Pathology · doi:10.23907/2017.017 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bergman, N. (2014) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/pr.2014.140 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Variability of the medullary arcuate nucleus in humans
Paradiso, B., Ferrero, S., Thiene, G., & Lavezzi, A. M. (2018) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1133 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Brundage, C., & Taylor, B. E. (2010) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.20806 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Brainstem Neuropathology in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Bright, F., Vink, R., & Byard, R. W. (2018) · University of Adelaide Press eBooks · doi:10.20851/sids-26 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Folkerth, R. D., Nunez, J., Georgievskaya, Z., & McGuone, D. (2017) · Academic Forensic Pathology · doi:10.23907/2017.020 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy (SUDI) — The Role of the Pathologist
Byard, R. W. (2010) · Current Pediatric Reviews · doi:10.2174/157339610791317223 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Rivarola, M. R., Reyes, P., D, C. H., Bosch, J., C, P. A., Franzosi, R., Pietro, C. D., Balboni, C., & Giglio, N. (2016) · Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria · doi:10.5546/aap.2016.eng.223 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Changes in the Morphology of Hypoglossal Motor Neurons in the Brainstem of Developing Rats
Williams, P. A., Bellinger, D. L., & Wilson, C. G. (2018) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.23971 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Impaired neonatal cardiorespiratory responses to hypoxia in mice lacking PAC1 or VPAC2 receptors
Barrett, K. T., Hasan, S. U., Scantlebury, M. H., & Wilson, R. J. A. (2019) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00250.2018 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Revisiting the Neuropathology of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Blackburn, J., Chapur, V. F., Stephens, J. A., Zhao, J., Shepler, A., Pierson, C. R., & Otero, J. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.594550 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
No association of IL-10 promoter SNP −592 and −1082 and SIDS
Courts, C., & Madea, B. (2010) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.06.001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Science (or Nonscience) of Research Into Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Goldwater, P. N. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2022.865051 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wang, X., Guo, R., Zhao, W., & Pilowsky, P. M. (2016) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2016.01.002 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Pryce, J. W., Paine, S., Weber, M. A., Harding, B. N., Jacques, T. S., & Sebire, N. J. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jclinpath-2011-200264 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Individual variability in the size and organization of the human arcuate nucleus of the medulla
Baizer, J. S., Webster, C. J., & Witelson, S. F. (2021) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-021-02396-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Arousal response to hypoxia in newborns: Insights from animal models
Gallego, J., & Matrot, B. (2009) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.12.001 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Krous, H. F. (2012) · Forensic Science Medicine and Pathology · doi:10.1007/s12024-012-9354-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Altered placental development in pregnancies resulting in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Widdows, K. L., O'Malley, A., O'Neill, B., Kingdom, J. C., Gillan, J., & Ansari, T. (2012) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.05.006 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
5HT1A receptors inhibit glutamate inputs to cardiac vagal neurons post-hypoxia/hypercapnia
Dergacheva, O., Kamendi, H., Wang, X., & Mendelowitz, D. (2011) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2011.09.005 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ramirez, S., Allen, T., Villagracia, L., Chae, Y., Ramirez, J., & Rubens, D. D. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.054 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Inner ear insult ablates the arousal response to hypoxia and hypercarbia
Allen, T., Garcia, A. J., Tang, J., Ramirez, J., & Rubens, D. D. (2013) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.059 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Functional single-nucleotide variant of HSPD1 in sudden infant death syndrome
Courts, C., Grabmüller, M., & Madea, B. (2013) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/pr.2013.112 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Neurodevelopmental Effects of Serotonin on the Brainstem Respiratory Network
Bravo, K., Eugenín, J. L., & Llona, I. (2017) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62817-2_11 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Goldwater, P. N., & Gebien, D. J. (2024) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-024-00860-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jampolska, M., Andrzejewski, K., Zaremba, M., Joniec‐Maciejak, I., & Kaczyńska, K. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10030531 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Bergman, N. (2016) · World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.5409/wjcp.v5.i3.330 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Pryce, J. W., Weber, M., Ashworth, M. T., Roberts, S., Malone, M., & Sebire, N. J. (2012) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1258/jrsm.2011.110075 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lei, F., Wang, W., Fu, Y., Wang, J., & Zheng, Y. (2020) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.12.017 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mouradian, G. C., Kilby, M., Alvarez‐Argote, S., Kaplan, K., & Hodges, M. R. (2021) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14946 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Genetics of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Steer, J., & Annavarapu, S. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108186001.028 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
BIAGAS, K. V., Naran, N., & Fuhrman, B. P. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-07307-3.10040-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A Rodent Model of Cocaine’s Effect on the Mother Infant Dyad
McMurray, M. S. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/ddyd-r062 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lavezzi, A. M., Mehboob, R., Piscioli, F., & Pusiol, T. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25136920 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Vitamin C supplementation in nicotine use during pregnancy: A narrative review
von Edlinger, C., & Markert, U. R. (2025) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057241305265 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Stettner, G. M., Kubin, L. K., & Volgin, D. V. (2013) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.07.003 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Madea, B., Jachau, K., Reibe, S., Schmidt, P. M., Kernbach-Wighton, G., Peschel, O. K., Henn, V., Meißner, C., Oehmichen, M., Thali, M. J., et al. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-43500-7_3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Evaluation of the Lambs’ State of Consciousness Signs during Halal and Traditional Slaughtering
Barrasso, R., Tufarelli, V., Ceci, E., Luposella, F., & Bozzo, G. (2020) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture10110557 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Shaukat, Z., Byard, R. W., Vink, R., Hussain, R., Ricos, M. G., & Dibbens, L. M. (2022) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.16580 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Selective Vulnerability in the Nervous System*
Magby, J. P., & Richardson, J. R. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-046884-6.01303-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Selective Vulnerability in the Nervous System ☆
Magby, J. P., & Richardson, J. R. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.02188-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Forgotten muscle: diaphragm and sudden infant death syndrome
Siren, P. M. A. (2026) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-026-01026-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kinney, H. C.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kinney, Hannah C.
- ORCID
- Kinney, Hannah C.
- Venue
- Developmental Psychobiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-02-23
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 223-233
- ISSN
- 0012-1630 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-2302
- OpenAlex
- W2080768142
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Psychobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Neonatal and fetal brain pathology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- sudden infant death syndrome, serotonin, respiratory control, chemosensitivity, autonomic regulation, arousal, hypoxia, hypercapnia, prenatal alcohol exposure
- MeSH terms
- Alcohol Drinking, Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus, Autonomic Nervous System, Brain Stem, Female, Gliosis, Homeostasis, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Medulla Oblongata, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Raphe Nuclei, Receptors, Serotonin, Risk Factors, Serotonin, Sudden Infant Death, Prone Position
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review