CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 181Prenatal Substance Exposure EffectsSmoking Behavior and CessationNicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study

Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products

Open access
England, Lucinda J., Aagaard, Kjersti, Bloch, Michele, Conway, Kevin, Cosgrove, Kelly, Grana, Rachel, Gould, Thomas J., Hatsukami, Dorothy +11 more·2017·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.013PMC PMC5965681
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

HIGHLIGHTSElectronic cigarettes are often promoted as a safer alternative to combusted cigarettes.Human and animal research supports that nicotine contributes to the adverse effects of gestational tobacco exposure on fetal development.Nicotine exposure during adolescence is associated with cognitive deficits.Measures to protect pregnant women and adolescents from nicotine exposure are warranted. ABSTRACT While the health risks associated with adult cigarette smoking have been well described, effects of nicotine exposure during periods of developmental vulnerability are often overlooked. Using MEDLINE and PubMed literature searches, books, reports and expert opinion, a transdisciplinary group of scientists reviewed human and animal research on the health effects of exposure to nicotine during pregnancy and adolescence. A synthesis of this research supports that nicotine contributes critically to adverse effects of gestational tobacco exposure, including reduced pulmonary function, auditory processing defects, impaired infant cardiorespiratory function, and may contribute to cognitive and behavioral deficits in later life. Nicotine exposure during adolescence is associated with deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing, as well as increased impulsivity and anxiety. Finally, recent animal studies suggest that nicotine has a priming effect that increases addiction liability for other drugs. The evidence that nicotine adversely affects fetal and adolescent development is sufficient to warrant public health measures to protect pregnant women, children, and adolescents from nicotine exposure.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This transdisciplinary expert review synthesizes human and animal evidence that nicotine exposure during pregnancy and adolescence adversely affects development, including pulmonary, cardiorespiratory, auditory, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes. It concludes the evidence is sufficient to warrant public health measures protecting pregnant women, children, and adolescents from nicotine exposure, including from emerging tobacco products.

Key findings

  • Prenatal nicotine contributes critically to adverse effects of gestational tobacco exposure, including reduced pulmonary function, auditory processing defects, impaired infant cardiorespiratory function, and possible later cognitive/behavioral deficits. Maternal smoking increases perinatal mortality by 20–30% and SIDS risk 2.4- to 3-fold; maternal smokeless tobacco use is associated with a 1.6- to 2.6-fold increase in stillbirth. In animal models, nicotine is estimated to account for as much as 36%–46% of the overall impact of tobacco smoke on brain circuitry development.
  • Adolescent nicotine exposure is associated with deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing, as well as increased impulsivity and anxiety. Adolescents are more vulnerable to addiction, experience dependence at lower nicotine exposure levels than adults, and animal studies suggest nicotine has a priming effect that increases addiction liability for other drugs.
  • Prenatal nicotine alone, at levels similar to smokers, causes decreased forced expiratory flow in monkeys and mice; the effect appears mediated by the α7 nAChR because it was lost in α7 nAChR knockout mice. Prenatal nicotine exposure also causes increased collagen, decreased elastin, airway/pulmonary vessel wall thickening, and DNA methylation changes in animal models, with similar findings reported in human offspring of smokers.
  • Electronic cigarettes have not been directly assessed for developmental outcomes in pregnant women or adolescents, and there are no published animal developmental studies using nicotine exposure from electronic cigarettes. However, some electronic cigarette products may deliver as much nicotine as conventional cigarettes.

Methods

  • In May 2015, scientists from varied disciplines were convened by the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to review the scientific literature on health effects of nicotine exposure during developmental vulnerability.
  • The expert review used MEDLINE and PubMed literature searches, books, reports, and expert opinion to summarize and synthesize epidemiological, clinical, and preclinical research on tobacco and nicotine exposure during pregnancy and adolescence.
  • Because electronic cigarettes were introduced recently and developmental outcomes have not been directly assessed, the authors drew on studies of other tobacco forms in humans and conventional nicotine exposure in animals, focusing on the central nervous and pulmonary systems.

Limitations

  • Stated in the paper: electronic cigarette effects on pregnant women and adolescents have not been directly assessed; there are no published animal developmental studies using nicotine exposure from electronic cigarettes; human smokers are exposed to hundreds of other combustion toxicants; observational studies of smokers face residual confounding from socioeconomic, environmental, genetic, and other factors; randomized trials of nicotine exposure in humans would be unethical.
  • Stated in the paper: important research gaps remain, including how timing of nicotine exposure during pregnancy affects fetal development and the relative contributions of nicotine versus combustion products to adolescent brain and cognitive outcomes.
  • Evident from the text: the review is a narrative expert synthesis rather than a formal systematic review or meta-analysis; many human adolescent cognitive studies are cross-sectional, making causality difficult to determine; some animal findings on reflex development and activity levels are inconsistent.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.013

Cites

329 of 329 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 284 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    Tobacco exposure during pregnancy reduces pulmonary function.

    “Maternal smoking during pregnancy has adverse effects outside the central nervous system, most notably on lung development, causing lifelong decreases in pulmonary function.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [195] Hayatbakhsh MR Sadasivam S Mamun AA Najman JM Williams GM O’Callaghan MJ Maternal smoking during and after pregnancy and lung function in early adulthood: A prospective study Thorax 2009 64 9 810 4 19525264 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [196] Moshammer H Hoek G Luttmann-Gibson H Neuberger MA Antova T Gehring U Parental smoking and lung function in children: An international study Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006 173 11 1255 63 16484675 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [197] Cunningham J Dockery DW Speizer FE Maternal smoking during pregnancy as a predictor of lung function in children Am J Epidemiol 1994 139 12 1139 52 8209873 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [198] Hoo AF Henschen M Dezateux C Costeloe K Stocks J Respiratory function among preterm infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998 158 3 700 5 9730993 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [199] Stocks J Hislop A Sonnappa S Early lung development: Lifelong effect on respiratory health and disease Lancet Respir Med 2013 1 9 728 42 24429276 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Tobacco exposure during pregnancy impairs infant cardiorespiratory function.

    “Maternal smoking and smokeless tobacco use during pregnancy are associated with increased risk of neonatal apnea, while maternal smoking is also associated with a decreased arousal response.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 8 sources checked
    • cites [109] Richardson HL Walker AM Horne RS Maternal smoking impairs arousal patterns in sleeping infants Sleep 2009 32 4 515 21 19413145 PMC2663655 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [112] Kahn A Groswasser J Sottiaux M Kelmanson I Rebuffat E Franco P Prenatal exposure to cigarettes in infants with obstructive sleep apneas Pediatrics 1994 93 5 778 83 8165078 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [113] Franco P Groswasser J Hassid S Lanquart JP Scaillet S Kahn A Prenatal exposure to cigarette smoking is associated with a decrease in arousal in infants J Pediatr 1999 135 1 34 8 10393601 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [114] Horne RS Franco P Adamson TM Groswasser J Kahn A Influences of maternal cigarette smoking on infant arousability Early Hum Dev 2004 79 1 49 58 15282122 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [115] Sawnani H Jackson T Murphy T Beckerman R Simakajornboon N The effect of maternal smoking on respiratory and arousal patterns in preterm infants during sleep Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004 169 6 733 8 14684558 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [116] Stephan-Blanchard E Chardon K Leke A Delanaud S Djeddi D Libert JP In utero exposure to smoking and peripheral chemoreceptor function in preterm neonates Pediatrics 2010 125 3 e592 9 20176675 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [117] Gunnerbeck A Wikstrom AK Bonamy AK Wickstrom R Cnattingius S Relationship of maternal snuff use and cigarette smoking with neonatal apnea Pediatrics 2011 9 128 3 503 9 21873701 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [118] Chang AB Wilson SJ Masters IB Yuill M Williams J Williams G Altered arousal response in infants exposed to cigarette smoke Arch Dis Child 2003 88 1 30 3 12495956 PMC1719296 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Interpretationreasoning

    Nicotine is a major contributor to the harmful effects of tobacco exposure during pregnancy.

    “A synthesis of this research supports that nicotine contributes critically to adverse effects of gestational tobacco exposure”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Developmental effects of nicotine delivered by electronic cigarettes are similar to those of conventional nicotine or tobacco.
  • Premisenone given

    Adolescent nicotine exposure is associated with increased anxiety.

    “Nicotine exposure during adolescence is associated with deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing, as well as increased impulsivity and anxiety.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Interpretationreasoning

    Nicotine may contribute to cognitive and behavioral deficits appearing later in life after gestational exposure.

    “may contribute to cognitive and behavioral deficits in later life”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1
  • May combine two claims. 34
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 2

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    Tobacco exposure during pregnancy is linked to auditory processing problems.

    “A number of studies have examined maternal smoking and infant auditory processing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [140] Kable JA Coles CD Lynch ME Carroll J The impact of maternal smoking on fast auditory brainstem responses Neurotoxicology and teratology 2009 31 4 216 24 19224709 PMC2693298

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [141] Katbamna B Klutz N Pudrith C Lavery JP Ide CF Prenatal smoke exposure: Effects on infant auditory system and placental gene expression Neurotoxicol Teratol 2013 38 61 71 23665419

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [142] Korres S Riga M Balatsouras D Papadakis C Kanellos P Ferekidis E Influence of smoking on developing cochlea. Does smoking during pregnancy affect the amplitudes of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions in newborns? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2007 71 5 781 6 17343925

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [143] Peck JD Neas B Robledo C Saffer E Beebe L Wild RA Intrauterine tobacco exposure may alter auditory brainstem responses in newborns Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2010 89 4 592 6 20367434

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Smoking cigarettes while pregnant is causally linked to ectopic pregnancy, restricted fetal growth, preterm delivery, placental abruption, and orofacial clefts.

    “Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy is causally associated with a number of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including ectopic pregnancy, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, placental abruption, and orofacial cleft defects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services The health consequences of smoking: 50 years of progress A report of the Surgeon General U.S Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health 2014

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Smokeless tobacco use during pregnancy is associated with preterm birth, stillbirth, and orofacial clefts.

    “These studies have found associations with preterm birth, stillbirth, and orofacial cleft defects”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [15] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services The health consequences of smoking: 50 years of progress A report of the Surgeon General U.S Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [31] Gupta PC Subramoney S Smokeless tobacco use and risk of stillbirth: A cohort study in Mumbai, India Epidemiology 2006 17 1 47 51 16357594 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [32] Baba S Wikstrom AK Stephansson O Cnattingius S Influence of smoking and snuff cessation on risk of preterm birth Eur J Epidemiol 2012 27 4 297 304 22430122 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [33] Wikstrom AK Cnattingius S Stephansson O Maternal use of swedish snuff (snus) and risk of stillbirth Epidemiology 2010 21 6 772 8 20805750 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [34] England LJ Kim SY Shapiro-Mendoza CK Wilson HG Kendrick JS Satten GA Effects of maternal smokeless tobacco use on selected pregnancy outcomes in Alaska Native women: A case-control study Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013 92 6 648 55 23551054 PMC5881106 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [35] Gunnerbeck A Edstedt Bonamy AK Wikstrom AK Granath F Wickstrom R Cnattingius S Maternal snuff use and smoking and the risk of oral cleft malformations--a population-based cohort study PloS One 2014 9 1 e84715 24454740 PMC3893163 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nicotine crosses the placenta and binds to nAChRs in the fetal brain.

    “Nicotine crosses the placenta(45) and specifically binds to nAChRs in the fetal brain.(46, 47)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [45] Luck W Nau H Hansen R Steldinger R Extent of nicotine and cotinine transfer to the human fetus, placenta and amniotic fluid of smoking mothers Dev Pharmacol Ther 1985 8 6 384 95 4075937

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [46] Cairns NJ Wonnacott S [3h](-)nicotine binding sites in fetal human brain Brain Res 1988 475 1 1 7 3214718

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [47] Hagino N Lee JW Effect of maternal nicotine on the development of sites for [(3)h]nicotine binding in the fetal brain Int J Dev Neurosci 1985 3 5 567 71 24874966

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Electronic cigarette use has grown rapidly since entering the US market.

    “have experienced rapid growth since their introduction into the US market.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [4] Grana R Benowitz N Glantz SA E-cigarettes: A scientific review Circulation 2014 129 19 1972 86 24821826 PMC4018182

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [5] Singh T Arrazola RA Corey CG Husten CG Neff LJ Homa DM Tobacco use among middle and high school students - united states, 2011-2015 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016 65 14 361 7 27077789

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] King BA Patel R Nguyen KH Dube SR Trends in awareness and use of electronic cigarettes among us adults, 2010-2013 Nicotine Tob Res 2015 17 2 219 27 25239961 PMC4512831

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fetuses of smokers show more maladaptive responses to the non-stress test, lower heart rate variability, more mouth and self-touch movements, and poorer recognition of maternal voice than fetuses of nonsmokers.

    “found greater rates of maladaptive response to the non-stress test (a clinical index of fetal well-being)(96), including reduced heart rate variability, increased mouth and self-touch movements, and impaired recognition of maternal voice in fetuses of smokers compared with those of nonsmokers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 8 sources checked
    • cites [92] Nijhuis JG Prechtl HF Martin CB Jr Bots RS Are there behavioural states in the human fetus? Early Hum Dev 1982 6 2 177 95 7094856 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [93] Groome LJ Singh KP Burgard SL Neely CL Deason MA Motor responsivity during habituation testing of normal human fetuses J Perinat Med 1995 23 3 159 66 8568607 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [94] DiPietro JA Kivlighan KT Costigan KA Rubin SE Shiffler DE Henderson JL Prenatal antecedents of newborn neurological maturation Child Dev 2010 81 1 115 30 20331657 PMC2846092 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [95] Dipietro JA Psychological and psychophysiological considerations regarding the maternal-fetal relationship Infant Child Dev 2010 19 1 27 38 20228872 PMC2835168 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [96] Oncken C Kranzler H O’Malley P Gendreau P Campbell WA The effect of cigarette smoking on fetal heart rate characteristics Obstet and Gynecol 2002 99 5 Pt 1 751 5 11978283 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [97] Cowperthwaite B Hains SM Kisilevsky BS Fetal behavior in smoking compared to non-smoking pregnant women Infant Behav Dev 2007 30 3 422 30 17683752 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [98] Zeskind PS Gingras JL Maternal cigarette-smoking during pregnancy disrupts rhythms in fetal heart rate J Pediatr Psychol 2006 31 1 5 14 15905420 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [99] Reissland N Francis B Kumarendran K Mason J Ultrasound observations of subtle movements: A pilot study comparing foetuses of smoking and nonsmoking mothers Acta Paediatr 2015 104 6 596 603 25761436 PMC4654233 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fetuses exposed to maternal smoking have smaller transcerebellar and lateral ventricle diameters and lower overall brain volume than unexposed fetuses.

    “Imaging studies found that fetuses exposed to maternal smoking had decreased transcerebellar and lateral ventricle diameter/width (ultrasound) and decreased overall brain volume (MRI) compared with unexposed fetuses”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [82] Anblagan D Jones NW Costigan C Parker AJ Allcock K Aleong R Maternal smoking during pregnancy and fetal organ growth: A magnetic resonance imaging study PloS One 2013 8 7 e67223 23843995 PMC3700970

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [83] Ekblad M Korkeila J Parkkola R Lapinleimu H Haataja L Lehtonen L Maternal smoking during pregnancy and regional brain volumes in preterm infants J Pediatr 2010 156 2 185 90 e1 19818449

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [84] Roza SJ Verburg BO Jaddoe VW Hofman A Mackenbach JP Steegers EA Effects of maternal smoking in pregnancy on prenatal brain development. The Generation R Study Eur J Neurosci 2007 25 3 611 7 17298594

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prenatal nicotine exposure in rats at plasma levels comparable to human active smokers causes apoptosis, fewer neuronal cells, truncated axonogenesis, and deficient synaptogenesis.

    “In developing rats exposed prenatally to nicotine at plasma levels comparable to those in human active smokers, standard biomarkers of cell injury indicate apoptosis, reductions in the numbers of neuronal cells, truncation of axonogenesis, and deficient synaptogenesis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [55] Slotkin TA If nicotine is a developmental neurotoxicant in animal studies, dare we recommend nicotine replacement therapy in pregnant women and adolescents? Neurotoxicol Teratol 2008 30 1 1 19 18380035 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [56] Pauly JR Slotkin TA Maternal tobacco smoking, nicotine replacement and neurobehavioural development Acta Paediatr 2008 97 10 1331 7 18554275 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [57] Slotkin TA Developmental cholinotoxicants: Nicotine and chlorpyrifos Environ Health Perspect 1999 107 Suppl 1 71 80 10229709 PMC1566354 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [58] Slotkin TA Nicotine and the adolescent brain: Insights from an animal model Neurotoxicol Teratol 2002 24 3 369 84 12009492 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Offspring exposed prenatally to maternal smoking have less cerebral cortical gray matter, less subcortical gray matter in amygdala, thalamus, and pallidum, and smaller corpus callosum volume.

    “Imaging studies of offspring in later life also found differences in the brains of exposed offspring, including reduced cerebral cortical gray matter, reduced subcortical gray matter volumes in the amygdala, thalamus, and pallidum, and reduced volume in the corpus callosum.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [85] Rivkin MJ Davis PE Lemaster JL Cabral HJ Warfield SK Mulkern RV Volumetric MRI study of brain in children with intrauterine exposure to cocaine, alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana Pediatrics 2008 121 4 741 50 18381539 PMC2562785

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [86] Paus T Nawazkhan I Leonard G Perron M Pike GB Pitiot A Corpus callosum in adolescent offspring exposed prenatally to maternal cigarette smoking Neuroimage 2008 40 2 435 41 18221892

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [87] Toro R Leonard G Lerner JV Lerner RM Perron M Pike GB Prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking and the adolescent cerebral cortex Neuropsychopharmacology 2008 33 5 1019 27 17609681

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [88] Lotfipour S Ferguson E Leonard G Perron M Pike B Richer L Orbitofrontal cortex and drug use during adolescence: Role of prenatal exposure to maternal smoking and bdnf genotype Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009 66 11 1244 52 19884612

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [89] Haghighi A Schwartz DH Abrahamowicz M Leonard GT Perron M Richer L Prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking, amygdala volume, and fat intake in adolescence JAMA Psychiatry 2013 70 1 98 105 22945562

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [90] Liu J Lester BM Neyzi N Sheinkopf SJ Gracia L Kekatpure M Regional brain morphometry and impulsivity in adolescents following prenatal exposure to cocaine and tobacco JAMA Pediatr 2013 167 4 348 54 23400239 PMC4467165

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In 6- to 8-year-old children prenatally exposed to maternal smoking, brain volume is lower, cortical gray and white matter volumes are smaller, and certain cortices are thinner than in matched unexposed children.

    “In a study of 6- to 8-year-old children prenatally exposed to maternal smoking, the authors found reduced brain volume, smaller cortical gray and white matter volumes, and thinning of the superior frontal, superior parietal, lateral occipital, and precentral cortices compared with age- and gender-matched unexposed children.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [91] El Marroun H Schmidt MN Franken IH Jaddoe VW Hofman A van der Lugt A Prenatal tobacco exposure and brain morphology: A prospective study in young children Neuropsychopharmacology 2014 39 4 792 800 24096296 PMC3924517

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prenatal nicotine exposure severely reduces or eliminates the adrenomedullary component and lowers cardiac response to adrenergic stimulation, causing brain injury or death during hypoxia that would normally be harmless.

    “Prenatal nicotine exposure leads to severe reduction or loss of the adrenomedullary component, along with a reduced cardiac response to adrenergic stimulation, resulting in brain injury or death during a hypoxic episode that would ordinarily not be harmful.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [59] Slotkin TA Fetal nicotine or cocaine exposure: Which one is worse? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998 285 3 931 45 9618392

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [60] Slotkin TA McCook EC Seidler FJ Cryptic brain cell injury caused by fetal nicotine exposure is associated with persistent elevations of c-fos protooncogene expression Brain Res 1997 750 1-2 180 8 9098543

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [105] Slotkin TA Lappi SE McCook EC Lorber BA Seidler FJ Loss of neonatal hypoxia tolerance after prenatal nicotine exposure: Implications for sudden infant death syndrome Brain Res Bull 1995 38 1 69 75 7552377

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prenatal nicotine exposure damages brainstem circuits needed for respiratory responses to neonatal hypoxia, which could add to SIDS risk.

    “there is evidence that prenatal nicotine exposure damages brainstem circuits that are responsible for mounting appropriate respiratory responses to neonatal hypoxia, which could contribute to additional SIDS risk.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [120] Campos M Bravo E Eugenin J Respiratory dysfunctions induced by prenatal nicotine exposure Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009 36 12 1205 17 19473189

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [121] Kinney HC Brainstem mechanisms underlying the sudden infant death syndrome: Evidence from human pathologic studies Dev Psychobiol 2009 51 3 223 33 19235901

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Newborns of nonsmoking mothers discriminated more syllables than newborns of smokers, who started discrimination at least 150 msec later and differentiated fewer stimuli.

    “Healthy newborn infants of non-smoking mothers discriminated among a greater number of syllables whereas healthy newborns of smokers began the discrimination process at least 150 msec later and differentiated fewer stimuli.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [144] Key AP Ferguson M Molfese DL Peach K Lehman C Molfese VJ Smoking during pregnancy affects speech-processing ability in newborn infants Environ Health Perspect 2007 115 4 623 9 17450234 PMC1852679

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Tobacco-exposed neonates show more abstinence/withdrawal signs, hypertonicity, irritability, and excitability, with a dose-response relationship to nicotine exposure.

    “studies of the immediate neonatal period (postnatal days 1-5) revealed increased signs of abstinence/withdrawal, hypertonicity, irritability, and excitability in tobacco-exposed neonates, with a clear dose-response relationship to nicotine exposure.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [122] Stroud LR Paster RL Goodwin MS Shenassa E Buka S Niaura R Maternal smoking during pregnancy and neonatal behavior: A large-scale community study Pediatrics 2009 123 5 e842 8 19403478 PMC2872509 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [123] Law KL Stroud LR LaGasse LL Niaura R Liu J Lester BM Smoking during pregnancy and newborn neurobehavior Pediatrics 2003 111 6 Pt 1 1318 23 12777547 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [124] Hurt RD Renner CC Patten CA Ebbert JO Offord KP Schroeder DR Iqmik--a form of smokeless tobacco used by pregnant alaska natives: Nicotine exposure in their neonates J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2005 17 4 281 9 16147838 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [125] Mansi G Raimondi F Pichini S Capasso L Sarno M Zuccaro P Neonatal urinary cotinine correlates with behavioral alterations in newborns prenatally exposed to tobacco smoke Pediatr Res 2007 61 2 257 61 17237732 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [126] Godding V Bonnier C Fiasse L Michel M Longueville E Lebecque P Does in utero exposure to heavy maternal smoking induce nicotine withdrawal symptoms in neonates? Pediatr Res 2004 55 4 645 51 14739371 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Rodent studies suggest prenatal nicotine exposure delays reflex maturation, including negative geotaxis and surface righting, and causes long-lasting changes in filtering auditory information.

    “rodent studies suggest that prenatal nicotine exposure delays maturation of reflexes, including negative geotaxis and surface righting (measures of limb coordination and locomotor development), as well as causing long-lasting alterations in filtering auditory information.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [146] Lacy RT Mactutus CF Harrod SB Prenatal iv nicotine exposure produces a sex difference in sensorimotor gating of the auditory startle reflex in adult rats Int J Dev Neurosci 2011 29 2 153 61 21145386 PMC3312379 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [177] Sobrian SK Ali SF Slikker W Jr Holson RR Interactive effects of prenatal cocaine and nicotine exposure on maternal toxicity, postnatal development and behavior in the rat Mol Neurobiol 1995 11 1-3 121 43 8561957 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [178] Gaworski CL Carmines EL Faqi AS Rajendran N In utero and lactation exposure of rats to 1r4f reference cigarette mainstream smoke: Effect on prenatal and postnatal development Toxicol Sci 2004 79 1 157 69 14976347 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [179] Schneider T Ilott N Brolese G Bizarro L Asherson PJ Stolerman IP Prenatal exposure to nicotine impairs performance of the 5-choice serial reaction time task in adult rats Neuropsychopharmacology 2011 36 5 1114 25 21289608 PMC3077278 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    These cognitive effects appear dose dependent and sensitive to sex and timing of exposure.

    “These effects appear to be dose dependent and sensitive to factors such as sex and timing of exposure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nicotine exposure in rats during the second postnatal week disrupted auditory cortex glutamate synapses, linked to long-term auditory processing and learning deficits.

    “Exposure of rats to nicotine in the second postnatal week, corresponding to the third trimester of human fetal brain development,(147) disrupted the development of glutamate synapses in the auditory cortex, which has been associated with long-term deficits in auditory processing and learning.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [67] Liang K Poytress BS Chen Y Leslie FM Weinberger NM Metherate R Neonatal nicotine exposure impairs nicotinic enhancement of central auditory processing and auditory learning in adult rats Eur J Neurosci 2006 24 3 857 66 16848798 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [71] Aramakis VB Hsieh CY Leslie FM Metherate R A critical period for nicotine-induced disruption of synaptic development in rat auditory cortex J Neurosci 2000 20 16 6106 16 10934260 PMC6772566 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [147] Rodier PM Structural--functional relationships in experimentally induced brain damage Prog Brain Res 1988 73 335 48 3047802 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Combined gestational and neonatal nicotine exposure is associated with increased anxiety, poor adaptation to a new environment, and decreased novelty-seeking.

    “Combined gestational/neonatal exposure is associated with increased anxiety levels, poor adaptation in a new environment, and decreased novelty-seeking.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [181] Vaglenova J Birru S Pandiella NM Breese CR An assessment of the long-term developmental and behavioral teratogenicity of prenatal nicotine exposure Behav Brain Res 2004 150 1-2 159 70 15033289 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [193] Eppolito AK Bachus SE McDonald CG Meador-Woodruff JH Smith RF Late emerging effects of prenatal and early postnatal nicotine exposure on the cholinergic system and anxiety-like behavior Neurotoxicology and teratology 2010 May-Jun 32 3 336 45 20060465 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [194] Sobrian SK Marr L Ressman K Prenatal cocaine and/or nicotine exposure produces depression and anxiety in aging rats Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2003 27 3 501 18 12691787 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Associations have been described between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring internalizing behaviors, ADHD, and learning and memory impairments, but these are less consistent than for externalizing behaviors.

    “Associations have also been described between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring internalizing behaviors (anxiety and depression), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and impairments in learning and memory, but are less consistent than for externalizing behaviors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [150] D’Onofrio BM Van Hulle CA Waldman ID Rodgers JL Harden KP Rathouz PJ Smoking during pregnancy and offspring externalizing problems: An exploration of genetic and environmental confounds Dev Psychopathol 2008 20 1 139 64 18211732 PMC3737574

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites 154-176

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    At birth, before significant postnatal tobacco smoke exposure, infants of smokers show lower pulmonary function test results, reduced respiratory flows and compliance, and altered tidal breathing patterns.

    “At birth, and prior to any significant postnatal exposure to tobacco smoke, infants born to smokers show decreased pulmonary function tests, with decreased respiratory flows and respiratory compliance, and altered tidal breathing patterns.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [198] Hoo AF Henschen M Dezateux C Costeloe K Stocks J Respiratory function among preterm infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998 158 3 700 5 9730993

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [199] Stocks J Hislop A Sonnappa S Early lung development: Lifelong effect on respiratory health and disease Lancet Respir Med 2013 1 9 728 42 24429276

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [200] McEvoy CT Schilling D Clay N Jackson K Go MD Spitale P Vitamin c supplementation for pregnant smoking women and pulmonary function in their newborn infants: A randomized clinical trial JAMA 2014 311 20 2074 82 24838476 PMC4296045

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Adolescent rodents self-administer nicotine more than adults, and adolescent exposure increases self-administration of nicotine and other drugs in adulthood.

    “Adolescent rodents self-administer nicotine more than adults and adolescent exposure leads to increased self-administration of nicotine (244) and other drugs in adulthood.(245)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [244] Adriani W Spijker S Deroche-Gamonet V Laviola G Le Moal M Smit AB Evidence for enhanced neurobehavioral vulnerability to nicotine during periadolescence in rats The J Neurosci 2003 6 1 23 11 4712 6 PMC6740776 12805310

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [245] Klein LC Effects of adolescent nicotine exposure on opioid consumption and neuroendocrine responses in adult male and female rats Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2001 9 3 251 61 11534535

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Treating pregnant rhesus monkeys with nicotine causes marked increases of α7 nAChR in fibroblasts around fetal lung airways and blood vessels and increases collagen in a similar distribution.

    “Treatment of pregnant rhesus monkeys with nicotine causes marked increases of levels of α7 nAChR in fibroblasts surrounding airways and blood vessels in the fetal monkey lung, and increases in collagen in a similar distribution.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [208] Sekhon HS Jia Y Raab R Kuryatov A Pankow JF Whitsett JA Prenatal nicotine increases pulmonary alpha7 nicotinic receptor expression and alters fetal lung development in monkeys J Clin Invest 1999 103 5 637 47 10074480 PMC408124 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [209] Sekhon HS Keller JA Proskocil BJ Martin EL Spindel ER Maternal nicotine exposure upregulates collagen gene expression in fetal monkey lung. Association with alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002 26 1 31 41 11751201 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [210] Sekhon HS Proskocil BJ Clark JA Spindel ER Prenatal nicotine exposure increases connective tissue expression in foetal monkey pulmonary vessels Eur Respir J 2004 23 6 906 15 15219006 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prenatal nicotine exposure thickens airway and pulmonary vessel walls in animal models, and this finding has also been reported in human offspring of smokers.

    “Prenatal nicotine exposure leads to thickening of walls surrounding airways and pulmonary vessels in animal models,(209, 210) a finding that has also been reported in the human offspring of smokers,(211, 212) along with similar increases in connective tissue and α7 expression.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [209] Sekhon HS Keller JA Proskocil BJ Martin EL Spindel ER Maternal nicotine exposure upregulates collagen gene expression in fetal monkey lung. Association with alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002 26 1 31 41 11751201 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [210] Sekhon HS Proskocil BJ Clark JA Spindel ER Prenatal nicotine exposure increases connective tissue expression in foetal monkey pulmonary vessels Eur Respir J 2004 23 6 906 15 15219006 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [211] Elliot J Vullermin P Robinson P Maternal cigarette smoking is associated with increased inner airway wall thickness in children who die from sudden infant death syndrome Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998 158 3 802 6 9731008 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [212] Lavezzi AM Corna MF Alfonsi G Matturri L Possible role of the alpha7 nicotinic receptors in mediating nicotine’s effect on developing lung - implications in unexplained human perinatal death BMC Pulm Med 2014 14 11 24484641 PMC3926856 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    These pulmonary changes lead to increased childhood risk of wheezing, hospitalization for respiratory infections, and asthma.

    “These changes lead to increased risk in childhood of wheezing, hospitalization for respiratory infections, and asthma.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [201] Stoddard JJ Gray B Maternal smoking and medical expenditures for childhood respiratory illness Am J Public Health 1997 87 2 205 9 9103098 PMC1380795

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [202] Neuman A Hohmann C Orsini N Pershagen G Eller E Kjaer HF Maternal smoking in pregnancy and asthma in preschool children: A pooled analysis of eight birth cohorts Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012 186 10 1037 43 22952297

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [203] Burke H Leonardi-Bee J Hashim A Pine-Abata H Chen Y Cook DG Prenatal and passive smoke exposure and incidence of asthma and wheeze: Systematic review and meta-analysis Pediatrics 2012 129 4 735 44 22430451

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The α7 nAChR appears to be a primary mediator of nicotine's effect on forced expiratory flow, because the effect was lost in α7 nAChR knockout mice.

    “A primary mediator of this effect appears to be the α7 nAChR, as the effect of nicotine was lost in α7 nAChR knockout mice.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [205] Wongtrakool C Wang N Hyde DM Roman J Spindel ER Prenatal nicotine exposure alters lung function and airway geometry through alpha7 nicotinic receptors Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012 5 46 5 695 702 22246862 PMC3359906

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Adult smokers show faster cognitive decline with age than nonsmokers, though it is unclear whether nicotine, combustion products, or both are responsible.

    “adult smokers show more rapid cognitive decline with age than nonsmokers,(264-268) although it is unclear whether the underlying mechanisms involve nicotine, products of combustion, or both.(15)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [15] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services The health consequences of smoking: 50 years of progress A report of the Surgeon General U.S Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health 2014

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [264] Starr JM Deary IJ Fox HC Whalley LJ Smoking and cognitive change from age 11 to 66 years: A confirmatory investigation Addict Behav 2007 32 1 63 8 16650620

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [265] Paelecke-Habermann Y Paelecke M Giegerich K Reschke K Kubler A Implicit and explicit reward learning in chronic nicotine use Drug Alcohol Depend 2013 129 1-2 8 17 23098679

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [266] Williams JW Plassman BL Burke J Benjamin S Preventing alzheimer’s disease and cognitive decline Evid Rep Technol Assess 2010 193 1 727 PMC4781578 21500874

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [267] Heffernan T O’Neill T Moss M Smoking and everyday prospective memory: A comparison of self-report and objective methodologies Drug Alcohol Depend 2010 112 3 234 8 20800391

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [268] Heffernan TM O’Neill TS Moss M Smoking-related prospective memory deficits in a real-world task Drug Alcohol Depend 2012 120 1-3 1 6 21726964

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Male smokers started smoking earlier than females and were more impaired on selective and divided attention tests than female smokers and nonsmokers.

    “male smokers initiated smoking at an earlier age than females and were more impaired during tests of selective and divided attention than female smokers and nonsmokers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [269] Jacobsen LK Krystal JH Mencl WE Westerveld M Frost SJ Pugh KR Effects of smoking and smoking abstinence on cognition in adolescent tobacco smokers Biol Psychiatry 2005 57 1 56 66 15607301

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Adolescent smokers show hypo-responsivity to anticipation of non-drug reward relative to nonsmokers, and this becomes more severe with increased smoking.

    “These findings suggest that adolescent smokers display a hypo-responsivity to the anticipation of non-drug reward (i.e., financial reward) relative to non-smokers, and this hypo-responsivity becomes more severe with increased smoking.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In young adults aged 18-35, prefrontal attentional network activity was lower in smokers than nonsmokers using fMRI, and the degree of reduction correlated with years smoked.

    “In a study of young adults age 18-35 years, the authors found prefrontal attentional network activity was reduced in smokers compared with non-smokers using fMRI, and the degree of diminished attentional network activity was correlated with the number of years participants had smoked.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [273] Musso F Bettermann F Vucurevic G Stoeter P Konrad A Winterer G Smoking impacts on prefrontal attentional network function in young adult brains Psychopharmacology 2007 191 1 159 69 16937098 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Adult rats exposed to nicotine during adolescence had attention deficits and increased impulsivity.

    “adult rats exposed to nicotine during adolescence had deficits in attention and displayed increased impulsivity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [292] Counotte DS Goriounova NA Li KW Loos M van der Schors RC Schetters D Lasting synaptic changes underlie attention deficits caused by nicotine exposure during adolescence Nat Neurosci 2011 14 4 417 9 21336271 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the U.S. population, tobacco use often comes before other drug use including marijuana, which generally comes before cocaine and other illicit substances among those who use other drugs.

    “In the U.S. population, the use of tobacco often precedes the use of other drugs including marijuana, which in turn generally precedes the use of cocaine and other illicit substances for those who go on to use other drugs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [298] Viveros MP Marco EM File SE Nicotine and cannabinoids: Parallels, contrasts and interactions Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2006 30 8 1161 81 17049986

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [299] Kandel D Stages and pathways of drug involvement: Examining the gateway hypothesis Cambridge, England Cambridge University Press 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [300] Kandel DBYK Stages of Drug Involvement in the US Population Kandel DB Stages and Pathways of Drug Involvement: Examining the Gateway Hypothesis Cambridge, England Cambridge University Press 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nicotine pretreatment in mice and rats enhances the subsequent response to cocaine, but the effect is unidirectional because the reverse order does not enhance response to nicotine.

    “Nicotine pretreatment in mice and rats enhances the subsequent response to cocaine, but the effect is unidirectional, as the reverse order (cocaine followed by nicotine) does not result in enhancement of the response to nicotine.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [301] Kandel DB Kandel ER A molecular basis for nicotine as a gateway drug The New England journal of medicine 2014 11 20 371 21 2038 9 25409384

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [302] Dao JM McQuown SC Loughlin SE Belluzzi JD Leslie FM Nicotine alters limbic function in adolescent rat by a 5-ht1a receptor mechanism Neuropsychopharmacology 2011 36 7 1319 31 21412223 PMC3096821

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [303] Mojica CY Belluzzi JD Leslie FM Age-dependent alterations in reward-seeking behavior after brief nicotine exposure Psychopharmacology 2014 231 8 1763 73 24030468

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Adolescent nicotine exposure increased anxiety in adult rats, reduced sensitivity to natural rewards, and fostered depression-like behaviors.

    “adolescent nicotine exposure increased anxiety in adult rats,(296) decreased the sensitivity to natural rewards, and fostered depression-like behaviors.(295)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [295] Ribeiro-Carvalho A Lima CS Nunes-Freitas AL Filgueiras CC Manhaes AC Abreu-Villaca Y Exposure to nicotine and ethanol in adolescent mice: Effects on depressive-like behavior during exposure and withdrawal Behav Brain Res 2011 221 1 282 9 21402108

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [296] Smith LN McDonald CG Bergstrom HC Brielmaier JM Eppolito AK Wheeler TL Long-term changes in fear conditioning and anxiety-like behavior following nicotine exposure in adult versus adolescent rats Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2006 85 1 91 7 16919320

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Adolescent smokers show problems with working memory, attention, and auditory processing.

    “Studies of human adolescent smokers also find deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing,”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    In rodents, nicotine exposure during adolescence is linked to poorer learning and attention and to more impulsivity and anxiety.

    “and adolescent nicotine exposure in rodents is associated with deficits in learning and in attention, as well as in increased impulsivity and anxiety.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Withdrawal from nicotine in adolescent tobacco users can impair cognition and worsen mood and attention.

    “Finally, nicotine withdrawal in adolescent tobacco users can cause impairments in cognition and has adverse effects on mood and attention.(269-271)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [269] Jacobsen LK Krystal JH Mencl WE Westerveld M Frost SJ Pugh KR Effects of smoking and smoking abstinence on cognition in adolescent tobacco smokers Biol Psychiatry 2005 57 1 56 66 15607301 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [270] Jacobsen LK Mencl WE Constable RT Westerveld M Pugh KR Impact of smoking abstinence on working memory neurocircuitry in adolescent daily tobacco smokers Psychopharmacology 2007 193 4 557 66 17505817 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [271] Fried PA Watkinson B Gray R Neurocognitive consequences of cigarette smoking in young adults--a comparison with pre-drug performance Neurotoxicol Teratol 2006 28 4 517 25 16904287 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Key research gaps remain that could improve understanding of nicotine exposure effects in pregnancy and adolescence.

    “Despite the strength of data in support of adverse effects of nicotine exposure during pregnancy and adolescence, important research gaps remain that, if addressed, could better characterize these effects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
37 of 37

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Developmental effects of nicotine delivered by electronic cigarettes are similar to those of conventional nicotine or tobacco.

    “Electronic cigarettes were introduced to markets relatively recently, and their effects on health outcomes in pregnant women and adolescents have not been directly assessed.”
    “Therefore, the authors draw on studies of other forms of tobacco exposure (cigarettes and smokeless tobacco) in humans and conventional nicotine exposure in animals.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many clinicians and scientists have historically viewed nicotine alone as low risk, particularly for established smokers.

    “Historically, many clinicians and scientists have considered exposure to nicotine alone to be low risk, especially for established smokers.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    It would be unethical to run randomized human trials that could establish nicotine's developmental effects.

    “Randomized trials of nicotine exposure in humans that could determine effects of nicotine on development are unethical, so researchers rely on observational studies of human smokers.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Smokers inhale many other toxic combustion products besides nicotine, including carbon monoxide, acetaldehyde, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

    “Human smokers, however, are exposed not only to nicotine, but to hundreds of other toxic components generated by combustion, such as carbon monoxide, acetaldehyde, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Product safety regulation commonly relies on animal data.

    “and regulatory decisions on product safety are routinely made using animal data.”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Early identification of drug use in an adolescent might be an indicator of an underlying emerging psychiatric disorder, and its treatment might prevent a more severe presentation.

    “early identification of drug use in an adolescent might be an indicator of an underlying emerging psychiatric disorder, and its treatment might prevent a more severe presentation 143,144 .”

    From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [144]

    Section 3.3 (Cognitive outcomes; page unavailable) says adolescent smoking is associated with psychiatric disorders and that shared predispositions could contribute to both, including in people with subclinical affective or cognitive disorders. This supports the possibility that adolescent tobacco use may signal an emerging disorder, but the paper does not say that identifying drug use early or treating the disorder prevents a more severe presentation. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

3 of the 332 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Food and Drug Administration, 2016, Fed. Regist., 81, 28973
  2. Volkow, 2006, Altered pathways: drug abuse and age of onset, Addict. Prof., 2, 6
  3. Weitzman, 2013, Maternal prenatal smoking and hearing loss among adolescents, JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 139, 669

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
England, L. J., Aagaard, K., Bloch, M., Conway, K., Cosgrove, K., Grana, R., Gould, T. J., Hatsukami, D., Jensen, F., Kandel, D., Lanphear, B., Leslie, F., Pauly, J. R., Neiderhiser, J., Rubinstein, M., Slotkin, T. A., Spindel, E., Stroud, L., & Wakschlag, L.
Affiliations
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
  • Baylor College of Medicine (US)
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
  • Yale University (US)
  • Pennsylvania State University (US)
  • University of Minnesota (US)
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
  • New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
  • Simon Fraser University (CA)
  • University of California, Irvine (US)
  • University of Kentucky (US)
  • University of California, San Francisco (US)
  • Duke Medical Center (US)
  • Oregon National Primate Research Center (US)
  • Brown University (US)
  • Northwestern University (US)
Corresponding author
England, Lucinda J.
ORCID
Venue
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2017-01
Volume
72
Pages
176-189
ISSN
0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.013
PMC
PMC5965681
OpenAlex
W2553751430
Semantic Scholar
7717907214b027a469c3a68f7391414afc46b754
Cited by
181
References
332
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 1
FWCI
2.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • National Cancer Institute
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
Keywords
nicotine, developmental toxicity, adolescent nicotine exposure, fetal development, lung function, auditory processing, cardiopulmonary function, cognitive impairment, impulsivity, anxiety, public health policy
MeSH terms
Animals, Female, Fetus, Humans, Nicotine, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Smoking, Tobacco Products, Nicotiana

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review