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Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: clinical impact, assessment, diagnosis, and management
Open accessAbstract
The Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy (CAN) Subcommittee of the Toronto Consensus Panel on Diabetic Neuropathy worked to update CAN guidelines, with regard to epidemiology, clinical impact, diagnosis, usefulness of CAN testing, and management. CAN is the impairment of cardiovascular autonomic control in the setting of diabetes after exclusion of other causes. The prevalence of confirmed CAN is around 20%, and increases up to 65% with age and diabetes duration. Established risk factors for CAN are glycaemic control in type 1 and a combination of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, and glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes. CAN is a risk marker of mortality and cardiovascular morbidity, and possibly a progression promoter of diabetic nephropathy. Criteria for CAN diagnosis and staging are: (1) one abnormal cardiovagal test result identifies possible or early CAN; (2) at least two abnormal cardiovagal test results are required for definite or confirmed CAN; and (3) the presence of orthostatic hypotension in addition to abnormal heart rate test results identifies severe or advanced CAN. Progressive stages of CAN are associated with increasingly worse prognosis. CAN assessment is relevant in clinical practice for (1) diagnosis of CAN clinical forms, (2) detection and tailored treatment of CAN clinical correlates (e.g. tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, non‐dipping, QT interval prolongation), (3) risk stratification for diabetic complications and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and (4) modulation of targets of diabetes therapy. Evidence on the cost‐effectiveness of CAN testing is lacking. Apart from the preventive role of intensive glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes, recommendations cannot be made for most therapeutic approaches to CAN. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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“Timely detection of CAN may help implementation of tailored interventions to prevent its progression and mitigate the risk of associated complications, including CVD, cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial dysfunction leading to congestive heart failure (CHF), CKD, and all-cause mortality.547,614,617–625”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [622]
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“Autonomic neuropathy can increase the risk of exercise-induced injury or adverse events through decreased cardiac responsiveness to exercise, postural hypotension, impaired thermoregulation, impaired night vision due to impaired papillary reaction, and greater susceptibility to hypoglycemia (277).”
From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023 (2023) · cites this paper as [277]
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BackgroundGarcía‐Pedraza, J. Á., Hernández‐Abreu, O., Morán, A., Carretero, J., García, M., & Villalón, C. M. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-39608/v1
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MethodDIABETIC CARDIAC AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY: SIMVASTATIN, INSULIN RESISTANCE AND LIPIDS
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Autonome Neuropathie des Herzens erkennen - Komplikationen vermeiden
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Diabetische periphere Polyneuropathie
Kandulski, M. (2025) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60880-7_76
Christensen, M. M. B., Hansen, C. S., Fleischer, J., Senftleber, N. K., Stæger, F. F., Hansen, T. F., Witte, D. R., & Jørgensen, M. E. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2025.109179
Zaccaria, S., Giurato, L., Nardone, I., Sellasie, S. W., Tripicchio, I., Meloni, M., Perna, P., & Uccioli, L. (2025) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-025-01936-w
“The presence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy was determined according to guidelines by performing cardiovascular reflex tests that evaluate heart rate variability, such as deep breathing, lying to standing, and the Valsalva manoeuvre, in addition to the orthostatic hypotension test [3].”
InfluentialDeterminants of Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy among Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy:
Balachandran, M., Dr Deepsheeka, G., Sadiqa Nasreen, H., & Badrinath, A. K. (2025) · Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies · doi:10.15605/jafes.040.02.08
Slingerland, S. R., Schulz, D. N., van Steenbergen, G. J., Soliman-Hamad, M. A., Kisters, J. M. H., Timmermans, M., Teeuwen, K., Dekker, L., & van Veghel, D. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26751167
Slingerland, S. R., Schulz, D. N., van Steenbergen, G. J., Soliman-Hamad, M. A., Kisters, J. M. H., Timmermans, M., Teeuwen, K., Dekker, L., & van Veghel, D. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26751179
Slingerland, S. R., Schulz, D. N., van Steenbergen, G. J., Soliman-Hamad, M. A., Kisters, J. M. H., Timmermans, M., Teeuwen, K., Dekker, L., & van Veghel, D. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26751173
Nattero‐Chávez, L., Insenser, M. R., Quintero Tobar, A., Fernández‐Durán, E., Avendaño, B. D., Fiers, T., Kaufman, J.-M., Luque‐Ramírez, M., & Escobar-Morreale, H. F. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22600805
Slingerland, S. R., Schulz, D. N., van Steenbergen, G. J., Soliman-Hamad, M. A., Kisters, J. M. H., Timmermans, M., Teeuwen, K., Dekker, L., & van Veghel, D. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26751176
Davis, T. M. E., Tan, E., & Davis, W. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25434223
Metadata
- Authors
- Spallone, V., Ziegler, D., Freeman, R., Bernardi, L., Frontoni, S., Pop‐Busui, R., Stevens, M., Kempler, P., Hilsted, J., Tesfaye, S., Low, P., Valensi, P., & Neuropathy, O. B. O. T. T. C. P. O. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- Düsseldorf University Hospital (DE)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- University of Pavia (IT)
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Spallone, Vincenza
- ORCID
- Venue
- Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 639-653
- ISSN
- 1520-7552 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-7560
- OpenAlex
- W2086516175
- Cited by
- 957
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 37.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Syncope and Autonomic Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- cardiac autonomic neuropathy, diabetes mellitus, orthostatic hypotension, glycemic control, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, diabetic nephropathy progression, risk stratification, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes
- MeSH terms
- Autonomic Nervous System, Blood Glucose, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetic Neuropathies, Humans, Prognosis, Disease Management
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