Early reduction in anxiety sensitivity predicts greater reduction in disordered eating and trait anxiety during treatment for bulimia nervosa.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mindfulness-based augmentations to cognitive-behavioral therapy emphasize accepting and tolerating physical and emotional distress.

“Mindfulness-based augmentations to CBT also emphasize accepting and tolerating physical and emotional distress (Barney et al., 2019).”

• cites Barney et al., 2019 sourcePartly supported

  The section on mindfulness- and acceptance-based treatments says these approaches target acceptance of distressing internal experiences, and Methods > Data Extraction includes treatments supplemented with a mindfulness component. The copy does not specifically say that mindfulness augmentations to CBT emphasize tolerating both physical and emotional distress; the physical-distress element is not established by the cited passages. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Anxiety sensitivity is effectively reduced during cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety and brief interventions targeting anxiety sensitivity.

“AS is effectively reduced during CBT for anxiety (Smits et al., 2008) and brief interventions targeting AS (Fitzgerald et al., 2021).”

• cites Smits et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Fitzgerald et al., 2021 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The findings align with anxiety-based models of eating disorders that emphasize the role of fear and avoidance learning.

“Our findings align with anxiety-based models of EDs emphasizing the role of fear and avoidance learning in EDs (Christian & Levinson, 2022; Zucker & Bulik, 2020).”

• cites Christian & Levinson, 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Zucker & Bulik, 2020 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is the gold standard treatment for bulimia nervosa.

“Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is the gold standard treatment for bulimia nervosa (BN; Hay et al., 2009)”

• cites Hay et al., 2009 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Anxiety-based models of eating disorders propose that aversive learning experiences with body sensations lead to hypersensitivity to interoceptive cues, and that eating disorder behaviors reduce discomfort and are negatively reinforced over time.

“Anxiety-based models of EDs propose that aversive learning experiences with body sensations lead to hypersensitivity to interoceptive cues; ED behaviors reduce that discomfort and are thereby negatively reinforced over time (Schaumberg et al., 2021).”

• cites Schaumberg et al., 2021 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

In the model predicting follow-up trait anxiety, baseline BMI and baseline STAI-Trait significantly predicted STAI-Trait, but treatment condition, early change in STAI-Trait, baseline anxiety sensitivity physical concerns, and early reduction in anxiety sensitivity physical concerns did not.

“For the model predicting trait anxiety at follow-up, baseline BMI and baseline STAI-Trait significantly predicted STAI-Trait at post-treatment but treatment condition, early change in STAI-Trait, baseline ASI-P, and early reduction in ASI-P did not.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Mindfulness and acceptance-based treatment may be equally effective for reducing anxiety sensitivity as cognitive-behavioral therapy.

“exploratory findings indicated that MABT may be equally effective for reducing AS as CBT; larger trials are necessary to confirm these findings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The mindfulness and acceptance-based treatment group had lower anxiety sensitivity physical concerns scores than the cognitive-behavioral therapy group at all assessments.

“The MABT group had lower ASI-P scores than the CBT group at all assessments and the average early change was a small increase, suggesting a possible floor effect.”

May combine two claims.

Treatment groups did not differ in either early or total change in anxiety sensitivity, controlling for baseline anxiety sensitivity.

“Exploratory analyses indicated that treatment groups did not differ in either early or total change in AS, controlling for baseline AS.”

• Also stated in: § Exploratory Analyses of Group Differences in ASI-P · plain

  “The groups did not significantly differ in early or total change in ASI-P, controlling for the significantly higher mean baseline ASI-P scores in the CBT group.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Early reduction in anxiety sensitivity physical concerns did not predict trait anxiety at follow-up.

“For the model predicting trait anxiety at follow-up, baseline BMI and baseline STAI-Trait significantly predicted STAI-Trait at post-treatment but treatment condition, early change in STAI-Trait, baseline ASI-P, and early reduction in ASI-P did not.”

May combine two claims.

In the model predicting post-treatment eating disorder symptoms, treatment condition, baseline BMI, baseline EDE Global, and early change in EDE-Q Global significantly predicted EDE Global scores, but baseline anxiety sensitivity physical concerns did not.

“For the model predicting post-treatment ED symptoms, treatment condition, baseline BMI, baseline EDE Global, and early change in EDE-Q Global significantly predicted EDE Global scores at post-treatment but baseline ASI-P did not.”

May combine two claims.

In the model predicting post-treatment trait anxiety, baseline STAI-Trait and early change in STAI-Trait significantly predicted STAI-Trait, but treatment condition, baseline BMI, and baseline anxiety sensitivity physical concerns did not.

“For the model predicting post-treatment trait anxiety, baseline STAI-Trait and early change in STAI-Trait significantly predicted STAI-Trait at post-treatment but treatment condition, baseline BMI, and baseline ASI-P did not.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The average early change in anxiety sensitivity physical concerns was a small increase, suggesting a possible floor effect.

“The MABT group had lower ASI-P scores than the CBT group at all assessments and the average early change was a small increase, suggesting a possible floor effect.”

May combine two claims.

In the model predicting follow-up eating disorder symptoms, baseline BMI and early change in EDE-Q Global significantly predicted EDE Global, but treatment condition, baseline EDE Global, baseline anxiety sensitivity physical concerns, and early reduction in anxiety sensitivity physical concerns did not.

“For the model predicting ED symptoms at follow-up, baseline BMI and early change in EDE-Q Global significantly predicted EDE Global at follow-up, but treatment condition, baseline EDE Global, baseline ASI-P and early reduction in ASI-P did not.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The results are consistent with previous research demonstrating that eating disorder treatment can reduce anxiety at the trait level.

“Our results are consistent with previous research demonstrating that ED treatment can reduce anxiety at the trait level (Brown et al., 2018).”

• cites Brown et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Identifying specific skills of cognitive-behavioral therapy or mindfulness and acceptance-based treatment that target anxiety sensitivity may inform which skills should be introduced early in treatment.

“Identifying specific skills of CBT (e.g., cognitive reappraisal) or MABT (e.g., distress tolerance) that target AS may inform which skills should be introduced early in treatment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study was approved by Drexel University's Institutional Review Board.

“Drexel University’s Institutional Review Board approved this study.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Anxiety Sensitivity Index is an 18-item self-report questionnaire with high reliability and validity.

“The ASI is an 18-item self-report questionnaire with high reliability and validity.”

• cites Taylor et al., 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study used data from a small pilot trial with a small sample size.

“We used data from a small pilot trial with a small sample size.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - Trait Subscale had internal consistency α range = .89-.93.

“Higher scores indicate higher trait anxiety (α range = .89–.93).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The analysis controlled for treatment group, baseline BMI, baseline anxiety sensitivity physical concerns, and baseline Eating Disorder Examination Global or trait anxiety.

“We controlled for treatment group, baseline body mass index (BMI), baseline ASI-P (to control for pre-treatment differences in AS when using change scores; Hayes & Rockwood, 2017), and baseline EDE Global or STAI-Trait.”

• cites Hayes & Rockwood, 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The analysis controlled for early change in eating disorder pathology or trait anxiety to isolate the effect of change in anxiety sensitivity physical concerns.

“To isolate the effect of change in ASI-P on outcomes, we controlled for early change in ED pathology (self-reported using the EDE-Q, as the EDE was not administered at session 8) or STAI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The pilot study over-recruited for mindfulness and acceptance-based treatment, resulting in unbalanced groups.

“The pilot study evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of MABT; we therefore over-recruited for this condition resulting in unbalanced groups.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The relationship between anxiety sensitivity and eating disorder symptoms is mediated by experiential avoidance or by interoceptive awareness.

“In these studies, the relationship between AS and ED symptoms was mediated by experiential avoidance (the tendency to avoid situations causing discomfort; Espel-Huynh et al., 2019; Fulton et al., 2012), or by interoceptive awareness, (the general sense of the body’s sensations; Anestis et al., 2008).”

• cites Espel-Huynh et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Fulton et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Anestis et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Anxiety sensitivity is linked to the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders.

“AS is linked to the development and maintenance of ADs (Taylor et al., 2007).”

• cites Taylor et al., 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Participants were randomly assigned to cognitive-behavioral therapy or mindfulness and acceptance-based treatment.

“Participants were screened for eligibility and randomly assigned to CBT or MABT.”

May combine two claims.

Targeting anxiety sensitivity, especially early in eating disorder treatment, may improve treatment outcomes at post-treatment, but these effects may not persist long-term.

“These results indicate targeting AS, especially early in ED treatment, may improve treatment outcomes at post-treatment, but these effects may not persist long-term.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The treatments described in the study may produce improvements in anxiety sensitivity.

“Thus, the treatments described below may produce improvements in AS.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Disordered eating behaviors may function to manage distressing thoughts or feelings, including anxiety sensitivity, when adaptive coping is absent.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Up to 50% of patients with bulimia nervosa have residual symptoms after treatment, and relapse is common.

“however up to 50% of patients with BN have residual symptoms after treatment and relapse is common (Halmi et al., 2002; Keel et al., 1999)”

• cites Halmi et al., 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Keel et al., 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Skills taught in cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness and acceptance-based treatments may be particularly useful for targeting anxiety sensitivity.

“Skills taught in CBT and MABTs may be particularly useful for targeting AS.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Eating Disorder Examination Global score had internal consistency α range = .87-.92.

“We used the EDE Global score (α range = .87–.92), which averages the subscales (Restraint, Eating Concern, Weight Concern, Shape Concern), with higher scores indicating higher eating pathology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been shown to successfully reduce anxiety sensitivity across a range of mood and anxiety disorders, with large effect sizes.

“Indeed, CBT has been shown to successfully reduce AS across a range of mood and anxiety disorders, with large effect sizes (Smits et al., 2008).”

• cites Smits et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - Trait Subscale is a 20-item reliable and validated self-report questionnaire on which participants rate how anxious they generally feel in a number of situations.

“The STAI-Trait is a 20-item reliable and validated self-report questionnaire on which participants rate how anxious they generally feel in a number of situations.”

• cites Spielberger, 1970Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Changing how people respond to bodily experiences, rather than what they experience, may be critical for targeting anxiety sensitivity.

“Changing not what people experience in their bodies, but rather how they respond, may be critical for targeting AS.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Anxiety Sensitivity Index Physical Concerns subscale had internal consistency α range = .78-.88.

“We used the Physical Concerns (ASI-P) subscale (α range = .78–.88).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Eating Disorder Examination is a reliable and validated clinical interview assessing eating pathology.

“The EDE is a reliable and validated clinical interview assessing eating pathology.”

• cites Fairburn & Cooper, 1993Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Aversive learning experiences about body sensations of anxiety may be a shared mechanism underlying the etiology and maintenance of anxiety and eating disorders, and therefore may be a key treatment target for eating disorders.

“Aversive learning experiences about body sensations of anxiety may be a shared mechanism underlying the etiology and maintenance of anxiety and EDs, and therefore may be a key treatment target for EDs.”