Universal definition and classification of heart failure: a report of the Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Heart Failure Society and Writing Committee of the Universal Definition of Heart Failure: Endorsed by the Canadian Heart Failure Society, Heart Failure Association of India, Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand, and Chinese Heart Failure Association
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In this document, we propose a universal definition of heart failure (HF) as a clinical syndrome with symptoms and/or signs caused by a structural and/or functional cardiac abnormality and corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion. We also propose revised stages of HF as: At risk for HF (Stage A), Pre‐HF (Stage B), Symptomatic HF (Stage C) and Advanced HF (Stage D). Finally, we propose a new and revised classification of HF according to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). This includes HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF): symptomatic HF with LVEF ≤40%; HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF): symptomatic HF with LVEF 41–49%; HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF): symptomatic HF with LVEF ≥50%; and HF with improved ejection fraction (HFimpEF): symptomatic HF with a baseline LVEF ≤40%, a ≥10 point increase from baseline LVEF, and a second measurement of LVEF > 40%.
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A biomarker-based risk score including high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T ≥6 ng/L, NT-proBNP ≥125 pg/mL, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ≥3 mg/L, and LV hypertrophy by ECG demonstrated good discrimination and calibration for predicting 5- and 10-year heart failure risk among patients with diabetes, with the highest 5-year risk among those with scores ≥3.
“In addition, a biomarker-based risk score including high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T ≥6 ng/L, NT-proBNP ≥125 pg/mL, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ≥3 mg/L, and LV hypertrophy by ECG (with one point for each abnormal parameter) demonstrated good discrimination and calibration for predicting 5and 10-year HF risk among patients with diabetes.The highest 5-year risk of HF was noted among those”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [481]
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Self-citationRoizen, M. F. (2012) · Yearbook of Anesthesiology and Pain Management · doi:10.1016/j.yane.2012.01.067 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
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The MOGE(S) Classification of Cardiomyopathy for Clinicians
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ACCF/AHA/AMA-PCPI 2011 Performance Measures for Adults With Heart Failure
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Temporal Trends in the Population Attributable Risk for Cardiovascular Disease
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Outpatient Worsening Heart Failure as a Target for Therapy
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Efficacy of Sacubitril/Valsartan Relative to a Prior Decompensation
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Self-citationHeart failure with preserved ejection fraction: controversies, challenges and future directions
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Self-citationComparison of Approaches for Heart Failure Case Identification From Electronic Health Record Data
Blecker, S., Katz, S. D., Horwitz, L. I., Kuperman, G. J., Park, H., Gold, A., & Sontag, D. A. (2016) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2016.3236 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The defintion of heart failure
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So many definitions of heart failure: are they all universally valid? A critical appraisal
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Risk Profiles in Heart Failure
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Self-citationNatriuretic Peptides as Inclusion Criteria in Clinical Trials
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Self-citationProgression of preclinical diastolic dysfunction to the development of symptoms
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Recognizing Worsening Chronic Heart Failure as an Entity and an End Point in Clinical Trials
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Self-citationSilent Disease Progression in Clinically Stable Heart Failure
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The MELD-Plus: A generalizable prediction risk score in cirrhosis
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Design of Therapy for Advanced Heart Failure
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2020 ACC/AHA Clinical Performance and Quality Measures for Adults With Heart Failure
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Self-citationSymptom perception in heart failure: a scoping review on definition, factors and instruments
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Dapagliflozin for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Will the DELIVER Study Deliver?
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2021 ACC/AHA Key Data Elements and Definitions for Heart Failure
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Self-citationPrevalence of Lactic Acidaemia in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure and Depressed Cardiac Output
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Endpoints in Heart Failure Drug Development
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Reasons for Lack of Improvement in Treatment With Evidence-Based Therapies in Heart Failure
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Heart failure. A proposed definition and classification
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Ejection fraction in heart failure revisited- where does the evidence start?
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Self-citationPrevention or Procrastination for Heart Failure?
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Disparities in Heart Failure Care
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The problem of defining heart failure
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2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure
McDonagh, T. A., Metra, M., Adamo, M., Gardner, R. S., Baumbach, A., Böhm, M., Burri, H., Butler, J., Čelutkienė, J., Chioncel, O., et al. (2021) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368 · Cited by 13,344 · see citing works
Self-citation2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice
Visseren, F. L. J., Mach, F., Smulders, Y. M., Carballo, D., Koskinas, K. C., Bäck, M., Benetos, A., Biffi, A., Boavida, J.-M., Capodanno, D., et al. (2021) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484 · Cited by 6,485 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobal burden of heart failure: a comprehensive and updated review of epidemiology
Savarese, G., Becher, P. M., Lund, L. H., Seferovic, P. M., Rosano, G. M. C., & Coats, A. J. S. (2022) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvac013 · Cited by 3,482 · see citing works
Self-citation2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies
Arbelo, E., Protonotarios, A., Gimeno, J. R., Arbustini, E., Villa, R. B., Basso, C., Bezzina, C. R., Biagini, E., Blom, N. A., de Boer, R. A., et al. (2023) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad194 · Cited by 2,947 · see citing works
2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure
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Self-citation2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes.
Marx, N., Federici, M., Schütt, K., Müller-Wieland, D., Ajjan, R. A., Antunes, M. J., Christodorescu, R. M., Crawford, C., Di Angelantonio, E., Eliasson, B., et al. (2023) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad192 · Cited by 1,642 · see citing works
Self-citationStark, B. A., DeCleene, N. K., Desai, E. C., Hsu, J. M., Johnson, C. O., Lara-Castor, L., LeGrand, K. E., Prof Bhoomadevi, A., Aalipour, M. A., Aalruz, H., et al. (2025) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.08.015 · Cited by 868 · see citing works
Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Borlaug, B. A., Sharma, K., Shah, S. J., & Ho, J. E. (2023) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2023.01.049 · Cited by 742 · see citing works
Global Public Health Burden of Heart Failure: An Updated Review
Shahim, B., Kapelios, C. J., Savarese, G., & Lund, L. H. (2023) · Cardiac failure review · doi:10.15420/cfr.2023.05 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
Global epidemiology of heart failure
Khan, M. S., Shahid, I., Bennis, A., Rakisheva, A., Metra, M., & Butler, J. (2024) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-024-01046-6 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Self-citation2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice
Visseren, F. L. J., Mach, F., Smulders, Y. M., Carballo, D., Koskinas, K. C., Bäck, M., Bénétos, A., Biffi, A., Boavida, J.-M., Capodanno, D., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwab154 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Self-citationHeart failure with mid-range or mildly reduced ejection fraction
Savarese, G., Stolfo, D., Sinagra, G., & Lund, L. H. (2021) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-021-00605-5 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
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Self-citationPop‐Busui, R., Januzzi, J. L., Bruemmer, D., Butalia, S., Green, J. B., Horton, W. B., Knight, C. M., Levi, M., Rasouli, N., & Richardson, C. R. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci22-0014 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Self-citationEuropean Society of Cardiology: the 2023 Atlas of Cardiovascular Disease Statistics
Timmis, A., Aboyans, V., Vardas, P. E., Townsend, N. P., Torbica, A., Kavousi, M., Boriani, G., Huculeci, R., Kazakiewicz, D., Scherr, D., et al. (2024) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae466 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Bayés‐Genís, A., Docherty, K. F., Petrie, M. C., Januzzi, J. L., Mueller, C. E., Anderson, L., Bozkurt, B., Butler, J., Chioncel, O., Cleland, J. G. F., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.3036 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citation2024 Clinical practice guidelines for Chronic heart failure
Galyavich, A. S., Tereshchenko, S. N., Uskach, T. M., Ageev, F. T., Aronov, D. M., Arutyunov, G. P., Begrambekova, Y. L., Belenkov, Y. N., Boytsov, S. A., Bubnova, M. G., et al. (2024) · Russian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2024-6162 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Beghini, A., Sammartino, A. M., Papp, Z. L., von Haehling, S., Biegus, J., Ponikowski, P. P., Adamo, M., Falco, L., Lombardi, C., Pagnesi, M., et al. (2024) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.14857 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Self-citationJCS/JHFS 2025 Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
Kitai, T., Kohsaka, S., Kato, T., Kato, E. T., Sato, K., TERAMOTO, K., Yaku, H., Akiyama, E., Ando, M., Izumi, C., et al. (2025) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-25-0002 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Self-citationPugliese, N. R., Paneni, F., Mazzola, M., Biase, N. D., Punta, L. D., Gargani, L., Mengozzi, A., Virdis, A., Nesti, L., Taddei, S., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.2337 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Metra, M., Tomasoni, D., Adamo, M., Bayés‐Genís, A., Filippatos, G. S., Abdelhamid, M., Adamopoulos, S. N., Anker, S. D., Antohi, E., Böhm, M., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.2874 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Self-citationVerbrugge, F. H., Omote, K., Reddy, Y. N. V., Sorimachi, H., Obokata, M., & Borlaug, B. A. (2022) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab911 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Anker, S. D., Usman, M., Anker, M. S., Butler, J., Böhm, M., Abraham, W. T., Adamo, M., Chopra, V., Cicoira, M., Cosentino, F., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.2894 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citationNúñez, J. E., de la Espriella, R., Rossignol, P., Voors, A. A., Müllens, W., Metra, M., Chioncel, O., Januzzi, J. L., Mueller, C. E., Richards, M., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.2664 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citationTsutsui, H., Albert, N. M., Coats, A. J. S., Anker, S. D., Bayés‐Genís, A., Butler, J., Chioncel, O., deFilippi, C. R., Drazner, M. H., Felker, G. M., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.2848 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Situation-Specific Theory of Heart Failure Self-care
Riegel, B. J., Dickson, V. V., & Vellone, E. (2022) · The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/jcn.0000000000000919 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Baseline Characteristics of Patients With HF With Mildly Reduced and Preserved Ejection Fraction
Solomon, S. D., Vaduganathan, M., Claggett, B. L., de Boer, R. A., DeMets, D. L., Hernandez, A. F., Inzucchi, S. E., Kosiborod, M., Lam, C. S. P., Martínez, F. A., et al. (2022) · JACC Heart Failure · doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2021.11.006 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationBachtiger, P., Petri, C. F., Scott, F. E., Ri Park, S., Kelshiker, M. A., Sahemey, H. K., Dumea, B., Alquero, R., Padam, P. S., Hatrick, I. R., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Digital Health · doi:10.1016/s2589-7500(21)00256-9 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Welsh, P. I., Campbell, R. T., Mooney, L., Kimenai, D. M., Hayward, C., Campbell, A. I., Porteous, D. J., Mills, N. L., Lang, N. N., Petrie, M. C., et al. (2022) · Circulation Heart Failure · doi:10.1161/circheartfailure.121.009427 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationHypertensive heart disease: risk factors, complications and mechanisms
Masenga, S. K., & Kirabo, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1205475 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Atualização de Tópicos Emergentes da Diretriz Brasileira de Insuficiência Cardíaca – 2021
Marcondes‐Braga, F. G., Moura, L. Z., Issa, V. S., Vieira, J. L., Rohde, L. E. P., Simões, M. V., Fernandes-Silva, M. M., Rassi, S., Martins, S. M., de Albuquerque, D. C., et al. (2021) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.36660/abc.20210367 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Classification of Heart Failure According to Ejection Fraction
Lam, C. S. P., & Solomon, S. D. (2021) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.04.070 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationCardiac metabolism in HFpEF: from fuel to signalling
Capone, F., Sotomayor-Flores, C., Bode, D., Wang, R., Rodolico, D., Strocchi, S., & Schiattarella, G. G. (2022) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvac166 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Epidemiology and Burden of Heart Failure in Asia
Feng, J., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2024) · JACC Asia · doi:10.1016/j.jacasi.2024.01.013 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationKapłon‐Cieślicka, A., Benson, L., Chioncel, O., Crespo‐Leiro, M. G., Coats, A. J. S., Anker, S. D., Filippatos, G. S., Ruschitzka, F. T., Hage, C., Dróżdż, J., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.2408 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationGuía ESC 2021 sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardiaca aguda y crónica
McDonagh, T. A., Metra, M., Adamo, M., Gardner, R. S., Baumbach, A., Böhm, M., Burri, H., Butler, J., Čelutkienė, J., Chioncel, O. D., et al. (2022) · Revista Española de Cardiología · doi:10.1016/j.recesp.2021.11.027 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationPalazzuoli, A., & Iacoviello, M. (2022) · Heart Failure Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10741-022-10238-6 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Kim, D., Seo, J., Choi, K. H., Lee, S. H., Choi, J., Jeon, E., & Yang, J. H. (2023) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.11.002 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
A Score to Assess Mortality After Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair
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Dietary Management of Heart Failure: DASH Diet and Precision Nutrition Perspectives
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ACC/AHA/HFSA 2022 and ESC 2021 Guidelines on Heart Failure Comparison
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Guía ESC 2021 sobre la prevención de la enfermedad cardiovascular en la práctica clínica
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Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
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Self-citation2026 ESC Guidelines for the management of heart failure
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Genetic architecture of heart failure with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction
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Heart Failure: An Update from the Last Years and a Look at the Near Future
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Self-citationRecent successes in heart failure treatment
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Novel Oxidative Stress Biomarkers with Risk Prognosis Values in Heart Failure
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Self-citationRecent advancements and applications of deep learning in heart failure: Α systematic review
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JCS/JHFS 2025 Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
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Non-invasive imaging as the cornerstone of cardiovascular precision medicine
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Transient versus persistent improved ejection fraction in non‐ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy
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Brain Natriuretic Peptide Biomarkers in Current Clinical and Therapeutic Scenarios of Heart Failure
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Self-citationA Year in Heart Failure: An Update of Recent Findings
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Self-citationLoop diuretic therapy with or without heart failure: impact on prognosis
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- Authors
- Bozkurt, B., Coats, A. J. S., Tsutsui, H., Abdelhamid, C. M., Adamopoulos, S., Albert, N., Anker, S. D., Atherton, J., Böhm, M., Butler, J., Drazner, M. H., Michael Felker, G., Filippatos, G., Fiuzat, M., Fonarow, G. C., Gomez‐Mesa, J., Heidenreich, P., Imamura, T., Jankowska, E. A., Januzzi, J., Khazanie, P., Kinugawa, K., Lam, C. S. P., Matsue, Y., Metra, M., Ohtani, T., Francesco Piepoli, M., Ponikowski, P., Rosano, G. M. C., Sakata, Y., Seferović, P., Starling, R. C., Teerlink, J. R., Vardeny, O., Yamamoto, K., Yancy, C., Zhang, J., & Zieroth, S.
- Affiliations
- Tottori University (JP)
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bozkurt, Biykem
- ORCID
- Bozkurt, Biykem
- Coats, Andrew J.S.
- Tsutsui, Hiroyuki
- Adamopoulos, Stamatis
- Albert, Nancy
- Anker, Stefan D.
- Atherton, John
- Böhm, Michael
- Butler, Javed
- Drazner, Mark H.
- Filippatos, Gerasimos
- Fiuzat, Mona
- Fonarow, Gregg C.
- Heidenreich, Paul
- Imamura, Teruhiko
- Jankowska, Ewa A.
- Januzzi, James
- Khazanie, Prateeti
- Kinugawa, Koichiro
- Lam, Carolyn S.P.
- Matsue, Yuya
- Metra, Marco
- Ohtani, Tomohito
- Ponikowski, Piotr
- Rosano, Giuseppe M.C.
- Sakata, Yasushi
- Starling, Randall C.
- Teerlink, John R.
- Vardeny, Orly
- Yamamoto, Kazuhiro
- Yancy, Clyde
- Zhang, Jian
- Zieroth, Shelley
- Venue
- European Journal of Heart Failure
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2021-03
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 352-380
- ISSN
- 1388-9842 (ISSN-L)
- 1879-0844
- OpenAlex
- W3132494856
- Cited by
- 1,665
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 278 · 2025: 389 · 2024: 351 · 2023: 286 · 2022: 257 · 2021: 101
- FWCI
- 166.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Journal of Heart Failure (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Brescia) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele (submittedVersion)
- INFM-OAR (INFN Catania) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Failure Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- heart failure, heart failure classification, heart failure staging, left ventricular ejection fraction, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, natriuretic peptides, pulmonary congestion, systemic congestion
- MeSH terms
- Australia, Canada, Cardiology, China, Heart Failure, Humans, India, Japan, New Zealand, Prognosis, Stroke Volume, Writing, Ventricular Function, Left
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